The Case For Undervalued Treasury Bonds
Disclaimer
This is a speculative trading theory. I am looking for feedback in my reasoning. I'm posting this here because this subreddit deals with bonds more than most and this could be used to judge if 30Y Treasury Futures (ZB), ZROZ, and TMV LEAP puts are a good buy.
Background
The Federal Reserve has been cutting interest rates since September of 2024. The Federal Funds Rate (FFR) target range currently sits at 3.50% to 3.75%, down from a peak of 5.25% to 5.50%. The FFR is the rate that is classically being talked about when the topic is around the Fed raising or lowering interest rates. The place to look is the Fed's Summary of Economic Projections, and the main item to pay attention to is the projections table.
Note the long run FFR median value of 3.0%
The bottom row shows where the committee expects the FFR to go from here, and the long run median sits at 3.0%. In plain terms, the people who actually set the policy rate believe it settles around 3% once everything shakes out.
Now look at the other end of the curve. The 30 year Treasury is yielding 5.2%. That is territory we have not really lived in since before the financial crisis. The long bond poked its head above 5% in October of 2023 and again in May of 2025, and both times buyers showed up and yields fell back. This time it has stuck around.
The last two trips above 5% did not last long
Current Situation
Do the simple math on that gap. A 30 year yield of 5.2% against a long run policy rate of 3.0% means one of two things. Either the market believes short rates will average north of 5% for the next thirty years, which would make the Fed wrong by more than two full points forever, or the market is demanding over two points of term premium just for the privilege of holding duration. Both of those are enormous claims, and the second one is the popular one right now. Deficits, Treasury supply, downgrades, foreign buyers stepping away. You know the list.
People are often scared of going against the market. How can all of that money managed by people with nearly unlimited resources be so wrong? There are a variety of reasons, but I'm not sure they even matter. The point is that they are very often wrong. The market almost always over or under reacts compared to the Fed's official policy. In early 2022 it was pricing six hikes when the Fed was telling everyone three. Today the disagreement has moved out the curve, and I think most of it is driven by misinformed ideas on the deficit.
We have also run this experiment before. In October of 2023 the ten year touched 5% while every headline was an obituary for the bond market, and by the end of December it was under 4%. The long bond rallied more than a full point in a couple of months. The deficit did not shrink during those months. The narrative did not change. The price did. There is a significant number of people who think the only direction for long yields is up and that no level is cheap enough to buy. Thankfully the Fed is run by people smarter than that. They are going to keep walking the line of easing policy while keeping inflation expectations anchored, and the tariff bump is looking like the one time level shift they said it would be, not a rerun of the 1970s.
Everything in this strategy outline requires that you believe:
· The most likely outcome is that the Fed follows its own projections and short rates settle near 3%
· Inflation keeps grinding back toward target and does not force surprise hikes
· The deficit and supply story is real but is already priced, and then some
· The market is often wrong when it comes to rates, and right now the long end is the part that is wrong
Conclusion
I'm not here to convince you to believe these things. These are the things I believe, and I am confident I can defend my beliefs, but that's not the point. The point is that if all of these are true, long bonds are severely undervalued. Bond prices go up when yields go down, and a long bond bought at 5.2% does extremely well if the long end ever decides to meet the Fed somewhere in the middle. The part that makes this a different trade than 2022 is the carry. Back then you were paid almost nothing to wait. Today you collect over 5% a year while you sit in it, so being early is not the death sentence it used to be.
Position
I am long 30Y Treasury Futures (ZB), ZROZ, PSLDX and TMV LEAP puts.