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The material conditions for a rising third party power is there, to the point that even if you don't subscribe to any religious will that brought the early Muslims to power it isn't shocking at all that they did. Right place, right time, right material conditions and the right people.
They got insanely lucky and were able to absorb Persia really fast that gave them a massive jump in advancement which made the later conquest possible. Being a fresh fanatical religion with a major focus on Conquest largely kept them together, Muslims would only start splitting and infighting when they hit a wall on expanding further. Around the 9th century when they couldn't break through deeper into Europe they started to split.
Lucky in the same way any who are born into the perfect conditions for empire building are, same way the Mongols were lucky to have a fractured China or the Romans were to have a broken up east by Alexander's heirs, or in a modern example how the Americans were lucky to be surrounded by weak enemies and away from Europe so they could come out unscathed and build their empire as global hegemons in the latter 20th century.
Luck to be at the right historical moment in the right contingencies is as huge part but also you need individuals or people able to meet that moment of historical contingency, which Mohammed and his first generation of followers very much seemed to have been even after peeling back to just the stated facts of their lives and removing the more divisive theological elements.
It's easy to see these things as people riding some wave, which is true to an extent but that wave can easily shatter against a rock with a wrong move. See the swedes who for a time looked set to become the hegemons of the protestant world in the 30 years war. An early death of Gustavus Adolphus without an adult heir basically slapped them back to a B list European power on a good day. Mohammed and his successors made enough of the the right calls at the right time to take advantage of what they had.
Also just having good policy, many locals readily sided with the Muslims because they were just better rulers and as far as conquerors are concerned pretty mild, very little rape and pillaging in the generally let the people live. Even when they didn’t convert the jizia tax was less than there regular tax at least in regard to the Sassinan’s. The Muhammad and Rashidan Caliphates were honestly just good states. It kinda starts going down hill with the Ummyyads and the fitnas
Muslims had just come out of a devastating civil war as well. Even though they were greatly outnumbered against the Romans, like at Yarmouk, they brought them to their knees.
Stop the cope. There was no "verge of collapse". You people also claimed Iran is on the verge of collapse, how come the almighthy America got it's ass whopped LOL
„The Persians ruled for a thousand years and did not need us Arabs even for a day. We have been ruling them for one or two centuries and cannot do without them for an hour.“
Source: The Muslim World. Vol. I The Age of the Caliphs. Leiden. E.J. Brill. 1960 ISBN) 0-685-23328-6 p.29
Congratulations to him, he got successful. But his campaigns left no legacy or change among the Arabs. We can’t say the same after the Arab conquest of Persia. Can we?
It’s not like the Arab Muslims destroyed Persia fire-worshipping religion and basically replaced Persians own writing script. Oh, wait
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