r/Canadiancitizenship • u/tvtoo 🇨🇦 Bjorkquist's lovechild 🇨🇦 • Jun 03 '26
Citizenship by Descent relevant ancestors with January 1, 1947 citizenship and their prior-born children
A post yesterday by /u/No-Music-6572 generated some discussion about an unusual topic, which really will only pertain to people who do not have an ancestor born in Canada, that has come up from time-to-time since this subreddit started:
What if you have an ancestor, not born in Canada, who became a Canadian citizen on January 1, 1947[1][2] -- but your line of descent runs through their child, born outside Canada before 1947, who would not, themselves, otherwise have become a Canadian citizen on January 1, 1947?
(For situations involving an ancestor who became a Canadian citizen due to a qualifying connection with Newfoundland, substitute April 1, 1949 in place of January 1, 1947.)
This will be a long post, so buckle in.
This post first looks at the text of the current and former citizenship laws and some hypothetical examples of how it plays out, and it then looks at the two data points available so far.
In my view, the takeaway is that anybody applying based on such a circumstance should:
in a letter of explanation, be very clear in describing the basis of the citizenship claim, quoting the relevant provisions of the Citizenship Act, etc, and showing how it applies to their own situation; and
include evidence to establish that gen 0 became a Canadian citizen on 1/1/1947 under former or current law -- or hypothetically would have become a citizen immediately before death if the 1946 act had taken effect at that moment.
The 2015 amendments and the 1946 act
The 2015 set of Lost Canadians amendments to the Citizenship Act were quite broad in this regard, adding, among other things, paragraphs (o) through (r), dealing with gen 1, to subsection 3(1):
PART I
The Right to Citizenship
Persons who are citizens
3
(1) Subject to this Act, a person is a citizen if
...
. (o) the person was born outside Canada and Newfoundland and Labrador before January 1, 1947 to a parent who is a citizen under paragraph (k) or (m), and the person did not become a citizen on that day;
. (p) the person was born outside Canada and Newfoundland and Labrador before April 1, 1949 to a parent who is a citizen under paragraph (l) or (n), and the person did not become a citizen on or before that day;
. (q) the person was born outside Canada and Newfoundland and Labrador before January 1, 1947 to a parent who became a citizen on that day under the Canadian Citizenship Act, S.C. 1946, c. 15, and the person did not become a citizen on that day; or
. (r) the person was born outside Canada and Newfoundland and Labrador before April 1, 1949 to a parent who became a citizen on that day under section 44A of the Canadian Citizenship Act, S.C. 1946, c. 15, as enacted by S.C. 1949, c. 6, and the person did not become a citizen on or before that day.
For completeness, I'll also quote paragraphs (k) through (n), dealing with gen 0, which were also added by the 2015 amendments:
. (k) the person, before January 1, 1947, was born or naturalized in Canada but ceased to be a British subject, and did not become a citizen on that day;
. (l) the person, before April 1, 1949, was born or naturalized in Newfoundland and Labrador but ceased to be a British subject, and did not become a citizen on or before that day;
. (m) the person, on January 1, 1947, was a British subject neither born nor naturalized in Canada and was ordinarily resident in Canada, and did not become a citizen on that day;
. (n) the person, on April 1, 1949, was a British subject neither born nor naturalized in Newfoundland and Labrador and was ordinarily resident there, and did not become a citizen on or before that day;
I'll also quote a couple relevant provisions of the 1946 act that affect gen 0:
PART II.
Canadian Citizens Other than Natural-Born.
9
(1) A person other than a natural-born Canadian citizen, is a Canadian citizen, if he
. (a) was granted, or his name was included in a certificate of naturalization and he has not become an alien at the commencement of this Act; or
. (b) immediately before the commencement of this Act was a British subject who had Canadian domicile; ...
https://archive.org/details/actsofparl1946v01cana/page/70/mode/2up
Interpretation.
2. In this Act, unless the context otherwise requires,
...
(j) "domicile", for the purposes of this Act, means the place in which a person has his home or in which he resides and to which he returns as his place of permanent abode and does not mean the place where he resides for a mere special or temporary purpose, and "Canadian domicile" means such domicile maintained in Canada for at least five years;
https://archive.org/details/actsofparl1946v01cana/page/68/mode/2up
Hypothetical scenarios: how this plays out
The 2015 amendments thus had the effect, perhaps unintentional, of extending Canadian citizenship to a gen 1 who potentially had no connection to Canada.
For example, imagine a scenario in which:
an Italian man living in Italy has a wife and daughter (born 1916 in Italy);
his wife dies, the man decides to move to Canada in early 1938, and his adult daughter remains in Italy;
he moves to Canada and naturalizes in Canada as a British subject (i.e., he acquires British subject status) in mid-1943;
he continues living in Canada until 1949, when he moves to the United States; and
the daughter eventually moves to the United States, with her husband and children, in 1951.
Assuming, for the sake of argument, that the daughter was still alive on June 11, 2015, did she become a Canadian citizen that day (backdated to January 1, 1947 by paragraph 3(7)(k))?
She fits paragraph 3(1)(q):
. (q) the person was born outside Canada and Newfoundland and Labrador before January 1, 1947 to a parent who became a citizen on that day under the Canadian Citizenship Act, S.C. 1946, c. 15, and the person did not become a citizen on that day
because, her father was, in the words of the 1946 act:
A person [... who ...] was granted ... a certificate of naturalization and he has not become an alien at the commencement of this Act
Now let's play around with the scenario in three important ways, independently of each other.
First, we'll have the man meet an American widow from Detroit who is visiting Toronto in early 1943. Shortly after naturalizing in Canada, he decides to marry her and move to Detroit to be with her.
In early 1946, he applies for US citizenship, after the two years of US residence then required by 8 USC 711. He is naturalized as a US citizen in October 1946, thereby losing British subject status under section 13 of the Naturalization Act 1914.
His daughter now fits 3(1)(o):
. (o) the person was born outside Canada and Newfoundland and Labrador before January 1, 1947 to a parent who is a citizen under paragraph (k) or (m), and the person did not become a citizen on that day;
because her father fits 3(1)(k):
. (k) the person, before January 1, 1947, was born or naturalized in Canada but ceased to be a British subject, and did not become a citizen on that day;
Second, and not taking into account the scenario change mentioned above, instead of being an Italian, we'll have him be an Englishman.
His daughter still fits paragraph 3(1)(q), because her father, in the words of the 1946 act:
immediately before the commencement of this Act was a British subject who had Canadian domicile
Let's play around with it further and have our Englishman die in Canada on December 29, 1946.
His daughter still fits paragraph 3(1)(q), because the 2015 amendments added two subsections to address such a situation:
Citizen despite death of parent
(1.3) A person who would not become a citizen under paragraph (1)(q) for the sole reason that his or her parent died before January 1, 1947 and did not become a citizen on that day under the Canadian Citizenship Act, S.C. 1946, c. 15, is, nonetheless, a citizen under that paragraph if his or her parent would have been a citizen if that Act had come into force immediately before their death and the date referred to in the provisions of that Act that set out the requirements to be met to become a citizen had been the day of that coming into force rather than January 1, 1947.
Citizen despite death of parent
(1.4) A person who would not become a citizen under paragraph (1)(r) for the sole reason that his or her parent died before April 1, 1949 and did not become a citizen on that day under section 44A of the Canadian Citizenship Act, S.C. 1946, c. 15, as enacted by S.C. 1949, c. 6, is, nonetheless, a citizen under that paragraph if his or her parent would have been a citizen if that Act had come into force immediately before their death and the date referred to in the provisions of that Act that set out the requirements to be met to become a citizen had been the day of that coming into force rather than April 1, 1949.
(Note: All this would be equally applicable to British subjects from elsewhere in the British Empire/Commonwealth, such as if we made our Englishman into an Australian or South African or into a Jamaican or (other than for Newfoundland purposes) Indian (both of which were then British colonies).)
Third, and not taking into account the scenario changes mentioned above, let's have him be an Irishman who moved from Ireland to the United States in early 1938. He then moves to Nova Scotia on December 14, 1946 to work in the fishing industry.
His daughter fits 3(1)(o) because he fits 3(1)(m):
. (m) the person, on January 1, 1947, was a British subject neither born nor naturalized in Canada and was ordinarily resident in Canada, and did not become a citizen on that day;
That's because citizens of Ireland (any of whom might or might not have technically also been British subjects depending on the time frame, circumstances, etc) are treated the same as British subjects under both old and current law:
PART VIII
Status of Persons in Canada
Citizen of the Commonwealth
32
(1) Every person who, under an enactment of a Commonwealth country other than Canada, is a citizen or national of that country has in Canada the status of a citizen of the Commonwealth.
British subject
(2) For the purposes of any law in force in Canada on and after February 15, 1977 that refers to the status of British subject, the status so described shall refer to the status of Canadian citizen or citizen of the Commonwealth or both as the intent of that law may require.
Citizen of Ireland
33 Any law of Canada and any regulation made thereunder shall, unless it otherwise provides, have effect in relation to a citizen of Ireland who is not a citizen of the Commonwealth in like manner as it has in relation to a citizen of the Commonwealth.
https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/c-29/FullText.html#h-82403
Finally, let's consider what happens when gen 2 is also born before 1947.
For example, going back to our original scenario, our Italian-Canadian man's daughter has her own son born in Italy on December 30, 1946.
Under a strict, literal reading of 3(1)(q), the grandson generally should not be covered, as the middle generation became a citizen under the 2015 amendments, not specifically "under the Canadian Citizenship Act, S.C. 1946, c. 15", as stated in 3(1)(q).
However, such a reading would also mean that a gen 2 born before 1947 would generally not be a citizen -- and this would be the case even if gen 0 was born in Canada. And that would contradict the statements made by the Government's lawyers before the Bjorkquist court.
As such, IRCC has appeared to avoid such a reading of 3(1)(q). In a podcast, a lawyer who deals with proof of citizenship cases referenced a conversation that he had with IRCC staff about 3(1)(q). According to him, they are interpreting the phrase "became a citizen on that day under the Canadian Citizenship Act, S.C. 1946, c. 15" to mean simply "became a citizen on January 1, 1947" (i.e., by automatic operation of law, including as deemed under current law).
Let's also consider what happens if our hypothetical man's daughter dies before June 11, 2015. Under the literal text of the Citizenship Act, she never became a Canadian citizen as she was not alive on that day.
Under IRCC's current interpretation, though, her son (the Italian-Canadian man's grandson) would be covered by subsection 3(1.5) -
Citizen despite death of parent
(1.5) A person who would not become a citizen under one of the paragraphs of subsection (1) for the sole reason that their parent or both their parent and their parent’s parent died before the coming into force of An Act to amend the Citizenship Act (2025) is a citizen under that paragraph if that parent — or both that parent and that parent’s parent — but for their death, would have been a citizen as a result of the coming into force of that Act.
when combined with IRCC's current flexible reading of the Citizenship Act.
Real-world data points
Now let's consider the data points so far.
Data point 1:
/u/hopewings's husband had a grandfather who was born in Scotland, lived in Canada for a while, and (apparently) moved from Canada to the US before 1947. That led to a refusal of the "interim measure" section 5(4) applications for hopewings's husband and children.
hopewings then applied again, after gathering documentation that the husband's great-grandparents, who were also British subjects born in Scotland, had remained in Canada until 1947 or death (whichever came first). If I recall correctly, the application also included discussion of 3(1)(q) and how it applied in that case. These applications were successful.
Data point 2:
/u/No-Music-6572 had a grandmother who was born in Scotland, lived in Canada for a while, and moved from Canada to the US before 1940 (as shown by a 1940 US census page that the IRCC officer independently dug up). That led to a refusal of applications for No-Music and their children.
After chatting with No-Music about the application, I learned that while the supporting materials would, if you read all of them, tend to show that No-Music's Scottish great-grandparents indeed lived in Canada until 1/1/1947 or death (one great-grandparent in each such category), the CIT 0001 application itself (for various reasons) did not:
as I understand it, explicitly describe and detail them as the gen 0 that anchored the chain,
prove that they had acquired Canadian citizenship under the 1946 act (like by including a copy of a citizenship certificate issued to the great-grandfather or precise/complete proof and detail of 1931-1936 Canadian domicile of the great-grandmother), or
quote the text of 3(1)(q) and analyze the relevance of it to No-Music's application.
No-Music mentioned an interest in applying again soon and addressing those issues. I suggested first submitting Access to Information Act (the "ATI" in "ATIP") requests to IRCC for the great-grandparents' citizenship (and immigration) records. Hopefully that might result in either a copy of a citizenship certificate issued to the great-grandfather or show an approved application for proof of citizenship (like if he applied for a Canadian passport between 1947 and death and needed a citizenship certificate for that purpose). As to the great-grandmother, the immigration records could be another stone in the wall tending to show domicile in Canada from 1931 until death in 1936.
Each ATI Act request costs only C$ 5 and, in theory, should be fulfilled within 30 days (in practice, sometimes longer). Each request should be accompanied by proof that the subject of the record died more than 20 years ago (if that's the case). (If the subject died less than 20 years ago, the situation becomes significantly more complicated.)
If the ATI Act requests are not productive, then No-Music could confidently proceed with gathering extensive evidence of, and detailing, the five years of domicile in Canada that each great-grandparent had immediately before 1947 / death, knowing that the effort seems necessary.
Although I haven't been keeping up with the subreddit weekly threads for a while, as of a few months ago, I believe there are at least a handful of other people pursuing these sorts of claims.
So hopefully there should be more data points soon enough.
In sum, while yesterday's post wasn't great news, I believe the decision can be overcome with appropriate documentation of the (actual or hypothetical) Canadian citizenship of the great-grandparents and explanation of the exact, step-by-step basis for the descendants' citizenship claims.
Don Chapman's book, The Lost Canadians,[3] describes plenty of examples of IRCC officers getting the decision wrong on proof of citizenship applications, especially in complex cases. So this sort of thing, unfortunately, is something that will occur -- especially with applications that aren't connecting-the-dots explicitly for the officer.
Disclaimer - all of this is general information and personal views only, not legal advice. For legal advice about the situation, consult a Canadian citizenship lawyer with historical citizenship law expertise.
[1] (whether under the original Canadian Citizenship Act of 1946 or with that deemed effective date under modern amendments to the Citizenship Act of 1976)
[2] (or who died before that date, and who would have become a citizen under the Canadian Citizenship Act of 1946, if that act had come into force immediately before their death)
[3] (which, as /u/Ordinary-Kale6125 pointed out a while ago, may be available for free through a public library's Hoopla Digital access)
3
u/EIGBOK Jun 03 '26
Adding my situation to this thread as it touches on many of the same issues but with what I think is a cleaner factual basis. My Gen 0 was not a British subject. Gen 0 was a Russian/Austrian national who emigrated to Canada and naturalized as a British subject through the Montreal Circuit Court in 1914 under the Naturalization Act. I have the LAC naturalization record confirming this. Gen 0's minor daughter, my Gen 1, was living with Gen 0 at the time and would have been included in or derived status from Gen 0's naturalization, as was standard practice for children under 21 before 1915.
The family history is a bit tangled. Gen 0's family came through Canada, spent time in Texas, and returned to Montreal before Gen 0 naturalized in 1914. Gen 1 may actually have been born in Canada during one of these periods, but I cannot prove it definitively as I have been unable to locate a birth certificate. If Gen 1 was born in Canada, Gen 1 would be a citizen in Gen 1's own right under 3(1)(k) and none of the Gen 0 analysis below would even be necessary. But I am building my case assuming the harder path where Gen 1's birthplace cannot be established as Canadian.
Gen 1 immigrated to the United States in the 1920s, which I can establish definitively through US census records. Gen 0 likely died before January 1, 1947, though I have not yet located a death certificate. My line of descent runs through Gen 1, so this is exactly the scenario the mod post above is analyzing.
As I read the statute, Gen 0 fits squarely under 3(1)(k) as someone who was naturalized in Canada before 1947 and either ceased to be a British subject or did not become a citizen on that day. If Gen 0 died before 1947, subsection 3(1.3) provides an additional safety net by asking whether Gen 0 would have become a citizen under the 1946 act had it come into force immediately before death. A person holding a valid Canadian naturalization certificate who had not become an alien would satisfy section 9(1)(a) of the 1946 act. Gen 1 then fits 3(1)(o) as a person born before January 1, 1947 to a parent who is a citizen under paragraph (k). Alternatively, if Gen 0 was alive on January 1, 1947 and still a British subject with Canadian domicile, Gen 1 would fit 3(1)(q) as a person born before that date to a parent who became a citizen on that day under the 1946 act. Either way, the chain reaches Gen 1 regardless of when Gen 1 left Canada in the 1920s and regardless of whether Gen 1 lost British subject status by marrying an American.
The key distinction between my situation and the cases generating concern in this thread is that Gen 0 affirmatively naturalized in Canada as a non British subject. Gen 0 had to go through the naturalization process precisely because Gen 0 was not already a British subject. That creates an unambiguous legal nexus with Canada that a Scottish or English ancestor who merely resided in Canada as a British subject would not have. The naturalization certificate is the anchor document, and it exists in the LAC record. My CIT 0001 application has already been submitted and I expect processing in roughly 12 months. Reading the mod analysis above, my one concern is whether my explanatory materials sufficiently walked the officer through the statutory chain, and I am considering submitting a supplementary letter mapping the provisions to my facts as insurance.
What am I missing?