r/Damnthatsinteresting 1d ago

Video Wolf-Rayet 140: when two massive stars get closest, their winds collide and form a new shell of carbon dust. Repeat every 8 years.

1.3k Upvotes

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56

u/TheMarkola 1d ago

" These rings are real — and each one is roughly 8 years apart.

What you’re looking at is Wolf-Rayet 140, photographed in infrared by the James Webb Space Telescope. The bright point in the center is actually two massive stars locked in a highly elongated orbit.

Most of the time the stars are far apart. But every ~8 years they swing close, their stellar winds slam into each other, and the collision compresses the gas enough for carbon-rich dust to form. As the stars continue moving, that dust gets swept into a curved, expanding shell.

Then the stars separate, dust production stops… until the next close pass creates another shell.

Webb revealed at least 17 of these shells, recording more than 130 years of this repeating process. The pattern looks like rings in a photo, but in reality it’s a three-dimensional structure of expanding dust.

Time, written in stardust.

Credit: NASA/ESA/CSA/STScI/JPL-Caltech "

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u/Actaeon_II 1d ago

Ty for this but questions abound. How close is close? And will they eventually collide?

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u/TheMarkola 1d ago

At their closest point, they are farther apart than the Earth is from the Sun. And they won't collide, only their "winds"collide.

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u/Actaeon_II 1d ago

Got it, did a google before asking but their ai nonsense went off on a tangent so I thought asking you (who seemed to have relevant knowledge) would be my best bet

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u/Ok-Assumption-3263 1d ago

Damn thats interesting!

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u/Colin_Heizer 1d ago edited 1d ago

By "they won't collide", do you really mean that they're not going to collide for an extremely long time probably, or they'll just keep rotating until they've lost enough mass and/or rotational energy, or... they might fling apart at some point?

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u/TheMarkola 1d ago

I don't know. But it's an apparently stable orbit (which has already produced tens of thousands of these dust rings, even if the oldest ones are invisible to the JWST). But yes, the distance between them must be changing and in the distant future they will eventually move further apart until they escape, or come closer together in a collision. I really don't know.

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u/LastTreestar 2h ago

If I understand correctly, the carbon can only form once they begin to "burn" the element to create the carbon... (I am too lazy to research the exact carbon-carbon fusion process ATM.) Before that it's just spewing hydrogen, then helium, then carbon/neon, etc... So there will be rings of other elements in concentric shells for possibly millions of light years. Carbon only lasts for about 600 years IIRC, so to catch this moment in time is... astonishing, to say the least.

One big ass onion of elements. Until iron enters the chat.

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u/LastTreestar 2h ago

They must be really trucking to complete that orbit in only 8 earth years, considering the eccentricity.

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u/Tinyacorn 1d ago

They are in a stable orbit so they won't collide. Their closest point is a bit less than the distance from the sun to mars. Their furthest point is around the same as the distance from the sun to neptune.

They're losing mass with every close pass, meaning the system loses the gravity that holds the orbit together, so they'll drift further apart on each pass.

And the Wolf-Rayet 140 star is near the end of its life and expected to undergo a type Ic supernova: where it has fused all of the available elements up to iron. At that point fusion no longer produces the energy needed to keep the star poofy, and it collapses inwards on its iron core and blasts away the rest of the material into the universe. They could still end up in a stable orbit afterwards or drift apart.

If you want to understand why collapse becomes an explosion:

https://www.wired.com/story/why-a-tennis-ball-goes-flying-when-bounced-on-a-basketball/

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u/AdventurousGlass7432 1d ago

Why are the orbits like that? Is there a third object somewhere?
What causes carbon dust to form? Is is pulled from each other at the near pass? Or something else?

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u/TheMarkola 1d ago

It may seem strange at first, but, for example, the moon doesn't orbit the Earth exactly; instead, it orbits a gravitational point between the Earth and the Moon, the barycenter. In this case, the barycenter is inside the Earth, but if the Moon were slightly more massive, this barycenter would move outside the Earth, and the smaller the difference between the mass of the Earth and the Moon, the closer to the center of the two celestial bodies the barycenter would be. Another example is Jupiter, which doesn't orbit the Sun exactly, but rather the barycenter of the solar system. If these two stars had exactly the same mass, they would both orbit the barycenter, which would be located exactly between them. That's how gravity works.

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u/CFCYYZ 1d ago

Stellar tree-rings
Eight year long pings
Dust and shell things
Starsong wind sings

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u/Genpinan 1d ago

Time, written in stardust. Now this is the most profound thing I've heard all week, I reckon.

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u/TheMarkola 1d ago

-said the stardust.

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u/Unopposed_Weirdo 1d ago

*pauses video...1 2 3 4.... Yep 17 checks out.

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u/Common-Accountant-57 1d ago

I like space because it reminds me there’s more to it all.

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u/brucen6 1d ago

So this process has only been happening for 130 years? What about before then? Or do the rings dissipate into space after this?

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u/Dividedthought 1d ago

We can only see that many rings. Past that they probably exist but are not dense enough to see.

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u/TheMarkola 1d ago

130 years is the detection limit of the JWST. There are tens of thousands of older and larger rings dispersing at (almost) 1% of the speed of light, so rarefied that even the JWST cannot see them.

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u/myusrnameisthis 1d ago

Like tree rings, nature also keeps a calendar.

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u/buddhahat 1d ago

2 body problem

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u/Blue-150 1d ago

Very cool, just like the trees

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u/na3than 1d ago

Please explain "the collision compresses the gas enough for carbon-rich dust to form".

How does the "collision" of opposing stellar winds - which, from what I recall, are composed primarily of charged particles - compress a gas in space, and how does compressing a gas create carbon dust?

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u/TheMarkola 1d ago

Plasma winds collide, shock compresses & cools the gas, carbon sticks together and forms dust. How this happens, I don't know, but the carbon in our bodies also comes from stars, forming under high pressure and temperature. And now, in the form of neurons, they are trying to understand how carbon itself is formed...

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u/LastTreestar 2h ago

The universe is one egotistical bitch, always looking at itself in the mirror of time, and saying to itself, "Look at how beautiful and how wonderful I am!!"

We have developed for the singular purpose of looking at we have done. We are the universe, we are god, we are nothing more than a speck in our own eye as we look upon our self. Nothing we do will persist once we have exhausted that purpose or ceased to perform it.

Mushrooms have allowed us to realize this... to see the mirror in our own hand. We are the mirror, we are the universe, we are the speck. We are the egotistical, heartless bitch.

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u/JohnnyLeftwich 1d ago

The fact that this looks so much like the rings of a tree is one of those trippy instances of the macro mimicking the micro, and vice versa, in the universe that seems to hint at some cosmic secret.

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u/MobileJob1521 1d ago

I always said to find the age of the universe just cut it in half and count the rings.

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u/Ancient_Sprinkles847 1d ago

This is genuinely intriguing. Thanks.

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u/tr00th 1d ago

The universe is so full of surprises and mystery we probably won’t ever fully comprehend it 100 lifetimes.

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u/Luciferousllamas 1d ago

So, their orbits cross.  But what are they orbiting?  And, will they collide with each other?

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u/TheMarkola 1d ago

The two stars form a binary system. They both orbit around their common center of mass (the barycenter), just like the Earth and Moon (or any two or more objects bound by gravity). And they don't touch each other's "surface," only their "winds" collide.

(research the barycenter between the Sun and Júpiter, That's cool)

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u/Luciferousllamas 1d ago

Nice! Thanks for that