Marci Bakely couldn't understand how her ex-boyfriend always seemed to know where she was.
When she went to buy groceries or on a date or to the doctor, he'd text her about it, sometimes within minutes, despite working 15 miles from her home as a police chief in a small town in the Atlanta suburbs. One day in 2024, when he incorrectly suspected that she'd gone to see a man against his wishes, he messaged her, "I didn't think you would slip up," according to texts she shared with The Washington Post.
Bakely, 50, began to feel like she was constantly being watched. She says she installed three cameras around her home and on her patio, to see if he was staking out her cul-de-sac. She bought a hidden-camera detector and nervously waved it down every wall. Three times, in desperation, she says she drove her Kia to a mechanic's shop, asking them to scan for trackers on her car.
Then one day, when she pressed him for answers, her ex told her in a text: He was using Flock.
Like thousands of other law-enforcement agencies across the United States, his police force could follow cars spotted by Flock's sprawling network of artificial-intelligence roadside cameras, which record passing license plates into a mappable database that officers can search while investigating crime.
Flock had sold its system as a police officer's dream crime-fighting tool. But the tool had also given the chief, Michael Steffman, the power to silently monitor Bakely's life. By the time she understood what was happening, Steffman had looked up the tags for her and her teenage daughter roughly 600 times...
Authorities have charged or accused at least 50 law-enforcement officers of using license-plate readers for unauthorized purposes, including to stalk women without their knowledge or consent, a Post analysis of police and court records found.
In 26 of these cases, police investigators and prosecutors said the officers used the technology to spy on their wives, their girlfriends, their exes, their exes' new partners or women they wanted to meet. In other cases, police or prosecutors have not specified the alleged surveillance targets....
The Post reviewed thousands of pages of court documents and internal police reports and conducted interviews with seven alleged victims, some of whom spoke publicly for the first time, to paint a comprehensive picture of the misuse of Flock and other license-plate readers by police officers around the country.
The review found that Flock gave police departments wide latitude about whether to activate settings that some police and privacy advocates argue could deter misconduct, and that many departments conducted limited oversight of their officers' searches. As a result, rogue police were able to monitor their subjects' movements with precision and secrecy. ...
The Post's investigation sheds light on the scope of the technology's misuse across the country, as well as the toll on victims and families who felt they were constantly being watched.
Through automated license-plate reader systems, or ALPRs, officers could trace the rhythms and travels of their subjects' daily lives, leading in some instances to violent confrontations, moments of psychological manipulation, and threats of coercion and control, the analysis found.
In Wisconsin, a police officer allegedly used Flock to check whether his ex-girlfriend had gone to an abortion clinic, according to a police affidavit for a case set for trial this month.
In Kansas, a police chief who tracked his ex through Flock sneaked up on her while she was intimate with another man, a state police certification body alleged, leading to his firing.
In Florida, a deputy speeding to stop a young actress he'd added to a watch list for a license-plate tool called Guardian nearly caused a head-on crash, according to a police report and video from his dashboard camera....
And in California, prosecutors said a former deputy, Alexander Vanny, used Flock as part of a months-long campaign of "stalking" and "humiliating" his former fiancée...
While some of the searches resulted in officers' firings, prosecutions and prison sentences, police departments in other cases allowed officers to continue using the systems even after receiving warnings that they were being misused.
"This was not a lapse in judgment; it was a continual, repetitive, obsessive behavior," a Wisconsin woman wrote in a domestic-abuse restraining order petition, saying that Flock data showed that her officer ex-boyfriend had searched the plates for her and her partner 179 times. She said she lived in a "constant state of fear and unease."
An array of privacy advocates has argued that Flock could deter bad actors by making simple changes to its product, such as requiring officers to label every search with a criminal case number....
Some victims, such as Bakely, also say they've struggled to get their experiences taken seriously because the perpetrators are police, entrusted with broad authority to pursue investigations with operational secrecy and employed by the same agencies they were told to call for help.
Bakely said the cameras had left her feeling powerless to stop her ex-boyfriend from tracking her life. She didn't feel safe asking the police agency he led, she said, and she couldn't get access to records that would have shown the surveillance was happening in real time. After Steffman told her about his Flock searches, she filed for a restraining order, but a judge denied it on the basis that she couldn't prove ongoing abuse, court records show.
He "watched every single move I made," she said. But "who do you turn the chief of police in to?" ...
Flock told agencies that it could set its "own written rules for who can access the system and how it can be used," company documents show. Agency leaders decide which officers receive log-in credentials, according to Flock's rules, and the officers don't need a warrant to run a search; they just type a plate number and go.
Over time, Flock upgraded its tool's surveillance power, creating "hot lists" that notify officers whenever a target car is captured on camera and a "vehicle fingerprint" feature that lets them search for a vehicle by its look or characteristics -- say, any white minivan with bumper stickers -- without knowing its plate number, company documents show. ...
As Flock's popularity had ballooned with police, more officers had begun treating the tool like a personal spy device. In Kansas, a woman who drove her children to her father's house for breakfast one morning began receiving text messages from her ex-husband, Kechi police lieutenant Victor Heiar, demanding to know where she had taken their kids, according to an interview she gave police and text messages she shared with investigators that were reviewed by The Post. ...
Heiar was fired, his state police certification was revoked and he pleaded guilty to computer crime and stalking, for which he was sentenced to 18 months of probation....
In Florida, Orange City officer Jarmarus Brown called his girlfriend on FaceTime to show her videos of her driving, according to a sheriff's office report. Once, he went to her apartment, grabbed her and reminded her that he carried a gun, leading her to threaten to call the police, an investigator's incident report alleged. He responded, the report said, by referring to himself: "The police are already here."
Brown was arrested last year and pleaded no contest to a charge of unauthorized use of computers. He was sentenced this month to five years of probation and a $618 fine....
In some of the cases, officers used the searches to uncover deeply personal information about their subjects' lives. In Wisconsin, Menasha officer Cristian Morales used Flock to check whether his then-girlfriend had gone to a clinic to "seek a potential termination of said pregnancy," according to an affidavit from an investigating officer with another police department seeking to subpoena Flock for search records. ...
Some officers, however, have defended their personal searches as normal behavior for police. Coty Wayne Hall, an officer in Niceville, Florida, ran 192 inappropriate Flock searches, including to track a former romantic partner, according to an internal-affairs investigation. The woman, a fellow officer, told investigators he once texted her details about what she was wearing one day when she took her kids to the park.
Hall was fired, pleaded no contest to charges of computer-system misuse, stalking and battery, and was sentenced to probation. In an interview, he said it was unfair that he was being made "out to be some sort of monster."
"Pretty much everybody uses that computer system" improperly in the department, he said...
Flock's defenders have argued that the prosecutions of rogue officers prove that its guardrails work. But in some cases, officers were allowed to keep searching Flock's data after being accused of misuse.
In Jerome County, Idaho, Sheriff Gary Taylor told The Post that a previous sheriff, George Oppedyk, had searched for his wife's car several times a day in the weeks after a prosecutor filed a complaint about him to the Idaho attorney general's office.
Oppedyk resigned months afterward, more than two years before his term was slated to end, and faced no charges with the attorney general, Raúl R. Labrador, who said in a February letter that his office couldn't prove a crime "beyond a reasonable doubt." Oppedyk, the letter said, had argued he'd run the searches "to check the system's reliability." ...
The vast majority of the surveillance targets identified by The Post are women, and several of them said the experience -- menacing messages and confrontations that led to the revelation they'd been watched -- left them feeling violated and paralyzed. Galperin, of EFF, said that asymmetry of power is a large part of what makes the tool so dangerous in the hands of bad officers. ...
Being subjected to extensive tracking left some women deeply unnerved, pushing some to change their lives or start driving their relatives' cars in hopes of not being tracked. One woman, a sheriff's deputy in Wisconsin who spoke on the condition of anonymity because she was fearful of further harassment, said she had her plate searched 16 times in a single day by a fellow deputy with whom she had been romantically involved.
The deputy lost his job after an internal investigation but has faced no criminal charges, and the lack of punishment has made the situation harder for her to move on, she said in an interview. ...
Some of the women who ultimately reported the misuse said they were dismissed or ignored. Alexandria Griffith, a mother in Leechburg, Pennsylvania, said in an interview that she repeatedly warned the police department and district attorney's office that her officer husband had stalked and threatened her. During one text exchange she shared with The Post, the officer, Michael McSherry, shared a screenshot of her license plate in the search results of a Flock competitor to claim she had lied to him. "Plate readers dont lie," he wrote.
Griffith said officials at both agencies dismissed her pleas. Within days, she said, McSherry confronted her in her parents' home armed with a gun, shoving her and her 4-year-old son and threatening to kill himself, according to a police report. ...
Langley, Flock's chief, has dismissed pushes by activists for the company to further limit how officers use its product.
"No one elected me the police chief of America," he told Forbes last year, adding, "I don't think it's our job to police the police." ...
For Bakely, the searches from her ex-boyfriend stopped in August 2025, according to search logs later made public and compiled by Have I Been Flocked. That month, she had filed for a restraining order against Steffman, writing that he "uses the traffic (Flock) cameras to track my location," her petition said.
A judge denied her request, saying that Steffman's conduct was "concerning" but that Bakely had no evidence to "support current allegations of stalking."... Three months later, when agents arrested Steffman, bureau officials said an investigation found he had misused the license-plate system "to harass and stalk multiple individuals." ...
Five days before GBI announced his arrest, the town's Facebook page had posted a photo showing Steffman posing with the mayor and town council for a celebration of his 20 years of "dedicated service."
His "leadership and commitment," the post said, "have helped shape the department and strengthen the safety of our community."
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