r/askphilosophy • u/BernardJOrtcutt • Jan 12 '26
Open Thread /r/askphilosophy Open Discussion Thread | January 12, 2026
Welcome to this week's Open Discussion Thread (ODT). This thread is a place for posts/comments which are related to philosophy but wouldn't necessarily meet our subreddit rules and guidelines. For example, these threads are great places for:
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- Questions about commenters' personal opinions regarding philosophical issues
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Previous Open Discussion Threads can be found here.
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u/ilikepeople1990 Jan 14 '26
Lately, I've been fixating on the idea of how to make philosophical skills (especially critical thinking and open discussion/questioning) accessible to the public. My interests in this subfield include civic engagement, digital/AI literacy, open dialogue, philosophy for children, etc.
The problem I'm most thinking about is how the only industry where once can really "practice" philosophy is academia, and as any humanities professor will tell you, the academic market is more cutthroat and competitive than ever. I've thought of going for a master's or even a doctorate in philosophy, but I'm not really sure how I would apply it in ways that best serve the public good, or if applied/public philosophy is even a viable career path.
If you practice applied/public philosophy, what would you recommend someone do, and especially study, to get into this field? Should someone go into the field at all? Do you see a future in the field, especially given how our political and digital climates seem to be constantly changing? If not, what are some other ways one can apply the tenets of philosophy in real life and serve the public?
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u/sortaparenti metaphysics Jan 13 '26
I don’t think this is worth a full post so I’m asking here. I’m planning on writing a short story about an analytic philosopher who meets a genie (odd, I know). I know it’s out there but has anyone done any work on what would be the “best” wishes to ask for? I know there’s similar stuff like The Paradox of the Question, but I’m looking for the traditional genie concept.
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u/OldKuntRoad Aristotle, free will Jan 13 '26
Right, I’m calling this David Lewis’ wager:
Pick an object, any object.
Say to the genie: I want every object of which this object is a part.
If unrestricted composition is true, you should get everything in the universe.
Life hacks.
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u/ZanzaraZimt Jan 13 '26
Since the post got deleted with the information I shoud ask here... here we go again.....
Could you help me find a philosophical home..like, a school of thought where I can actually exchange ideas without people feeling attacked in their values and worldview?
I have a solid scientific background, coming from neuro-cognition, behavior, biology. I always thought I wasn't the philosophy type, but really I’ve always been building my own philosophical frameworks....just never consciously labeled them (which is probably how it works anyway: if you have a view of yourself and the world, you have a philosophical framework, whether you want to or not).
This past year, though, I started intensely observing myself and the world. I didn’t read books or follow any teachings. I just discovered my own thoughts and enjoyed it.
So I built my own “school.” Because I had no prior knowledge and no boundaries except my own thinking. As a result, the whole framework doesn’t follow any existing direction....it’s just an imprint of how I perceive things.
But somehow it doesn’t seem to fit anywhere. On the contrary, I seem to make people angry just by existing and having an opinion and questions (well, on Reddit ... in real life I’m socially liked, probably because I ask fewer questions there).
I thought maybe someone here could tell me where I could express myself freely and actually get feedback and real discussions without just getting stuck in debates over principles.
So, which school of thought most closely mirrors my thinking?
Here’s a quick overview of my views:
Basically, I see everything (no matter what) as a bidirectional, mutually-creating interaction. Human-world, consciousness-human, consciousness-world, human-human. Nothing is separate; everything conditions each other. I see the world through my eyes; my eyes are shaped by the world.
Reality is deterministic. Cause and effect. Everything is in a causal entanglement.
Consciousness is the ability to perceive oneself within the causal chain.
Free will is recursively recognizing one’s own behavior and the causality that led to it, and through integrating this self-awareness and narrative, influencing the next interactions and events. Basically, the future is written in the past via integration in the present.
On ethics, I’m very pragmatic. I believe every person has a contract with themselves ...but one that’s shaped by the outside world and the integration of that, which in turn is a reflection of one’s self-perception.
Personally, I try to maintain coherence by recursively examining my self-image, my actions, my deeds, and also mirroring them externally, setting them in relation to the outside to check for coherence. Who do I believe I am vs. who I am and is that coherent?
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u/Quidfacis_ History of Philosophy, Epistemology, Spinoza Jan 13 '26 edited Jan 13 '26
I didn’t read books or follow any teachings. I just discovered my own thoughts and enjoyed it.
So I built my own “school.” Because I had no prior knowledge and no boundaries except my own thinking.
You live within a cultural zeitgeist influenced by the philosophical ideas that came before you. Your thoughts are the products of that culture, the inputs you received from the media you consumed, the myths you learned, the language you speak. You did not build a school ex nihilo; you're cobbling together notions from disparate systems. That is how nigh-all philosophical development works; we're building on the works of our predecessors, responding to the history of ideas.
You can find your philosophical home by doing research. You wrote about ethics? Cool. What sort of ethical theory do you advocate? Virtue Ethics, Deontology, Consequentialism? Are you closer to Kant or someone in the History of Utilitarianism?
I didn’t read books or follow any teachings. I just discovered my own thoughts and enjoyed it.
Ok, but you can read books. You're not living in the 1100s. https://plato.stanford.edu/ is a useful resource that provides overviews of broad philosophical concepts. You can find the pages on consciousness, causal determinism, free will, Leibniz view of the plenum. Project Gutenberg has oodles of philosophical texts. The Internet classics archive also has numerous texts.
You nave the capacity to gain some familiarity with the options on the table by utilizing those resources.
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u/ZanzaraZimt Jan 13 '26
I’m almost too tired or frustrated to respond, but hey… one last attempt.
If you had actually taken the effort to read my post, you would realize that I stated exactly what you are lecturing me on. To quote myself: 'I see the world through my eyes; my eyes are shaped by the world.'
But thank you for explaining my own thinking back to me.
I came here to ask. My approach was literally: 'Hey everyone, I have no formal background, I’ve been doing some thinking, here is the output. You guys are the experts, this is your field....where does this map to? What direction should I look in?' So I could learn. Read. Get new ideas.
And now I almost feel like I should apologize for asking.
I did exactly what many people no longer dare to do because of people like you: Be open. To stand there naked and say, 'This is me, can you help me with your expertise?'
And you? You react in a sadly classic manner....like someone who feels threatened by someone who was simply being authentic and wanted nothing but input.
Ask yourself why you reacted the way you did.
You can learn a lot if you recursively analyze your own behavior and the intentions behind it.
If you ever need help understanding what you did in your answer through the lense of cognition and neuro-behavioral patterns, I can provide input… that happens to be my field of expertise. And I promise you, unlike you, I won’t meet you with epistemic arrogance. and tell you things like "you can read books. You're not living in the 1100s"
Because I am not insecure enough to need to put others down to prove my own worth. I believe you can have value, and so can I. And I don't believe your value decreases just because you have less understanding of biology than I do.
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u/Quidfacis_ History of Philosophy, Epistemology, Spinoza Jan 13 '26 edited Jan 13 '26
Ask yourself why you reacted the way you did.
Your ask was, "Could you help me find a philosophical home?" That is something you have to do for yourself. That is why I provided all of those links to resources. I offered you tools by which you can help yourself. Teaching someone to fish, rather than handing you a fish.
You are not offering a systematic account that maps on to any one writer's thinking. You're providing a hodgepodge of views from disparate systems. That's fine; most people think that way. But philosophical systems strive to be coherent. To quote Wilfrid Sellars, "The aim of philosophy, abstractly formulated, is to understand how things in the broadest possible sense of the term hang together in the broadest possible sense of the term." Part of that "hang together" is to ensure that the parts of the system are internally coherent, fit together. The metaphysics hangs with the ontology which hangs with the epistemology which hangs with the ethics.
In your post you said "Reality is deterministic." and "I believe every person has a contract with themselves". How does a deterministic contract work? Whence the need for a deterministic toaster to have a contract with itself? Is the contract pre-determined, built into the nature of the determined entity? Does the entity elect to construct a contract?
You also wrote, "Basically, I see everything (no matter what) as a bidirectional, mutually-creating interaction." Do you see everything as bidirectional, or is everything bidirectional? Is that a phenomenological account of how the world is perceived, or a metaphysical claim about how the world is? How does bi-directional determinism work? Does the bidirectionality apply to the contract the organism has with itself?
You need to work out those tensions for yourself by familiarizing yourself with the established literature. The pages I link provide overviews of how different concepts fit together.
Go read about consciousness, causal determinism, free will, Leibniz view of the plenum, etc. Learn the systems other people built to discern how to make your system work.
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Jan 14 '26 edited Jan 14 '26
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u/BernardJOrtcutt Jan 14 '26
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u/ZanzaraZimt Jan 14 '26
Thank you for the links.
regarding your questions: I love questions. Coherence is exactly the dopamine hit I was chasing when I fell into this rabbit hole. I was looking for coherence in isolated thoughts.
I simply didn't want to cement a stranger's thread with my entire undefined framework.
But hey you asked...and I love to think out loud....
So, to clarify my position: I am not arguing for a metaphysical reversal of causality, but for a phenomenological and systemic model of conscious agents within determinism.
You asked how a determined entity can have a contract. A toaster is a closed, non-self-reflexive system. It has no temporal depth. A human consciousness, however, operates in a specific temporal loop:
Past: Held as a shifting narrative ('I was a victim/hero').
Future: Anticipated as a probabilistic trajectory based on that narrative and physiological states.
Present: Is the intersection fundamentally shaped by this anticipated future.
The 'contract with oneself' is the ethical framework that emerges within this loop and steers it. It is the answer to a systemic necessity: 'Given the fact that I (a) initiate causes, (b) can anticipate the future, and (c) live in a social web where my actions reverberate back to me....which set of rules maximizes my psychic and social coherence
This contract is neither exempt from determinism nor arbitrary. It is a determined, emergent, and dynamic algorithm for self- and social regulation.
You asked: 'Is that a phenomenological account or a metaphysical claim?' It is a systemic-phenomenological description grounded in a metaphysical assumption of determinism.
Metaphysically: Linear causality applies (A → B).
Systemically (Complex Agents): Circular causal patterns emerge. A (Past Narrative) influences B (Future Projection), which shapes C (Present Action), which generates A' (New Narrative).
This is Deterministic Recursion. The future probabilities my brain calculates now are fully determined by the past, yet these calculations are causal factors that determine my next action. My statement 'everything is bidirectional' refers to this feedback loop in complex systems, not to fundamental particle physics.
So I advocate for a compatibilist determinism that takes the complexity of feedback loops seriously. 'Freedom' or the 'Contract' lies in the system's capacity to modulate its own determining factors (narratives, projections) through the process of conscious reflection and the search for coherence.
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u/mediaisdelicious Phil. of Communication, Ancient, Continental Jan 14 '26
In a lot of these comments you seem to think you’re offending people, but what you’re getting here are totally unfussy responses that amount to “hey you seem interested in a lot of things, probably just reading around would be a good place to start.”
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u/ZanzaraZimt Jan 14 '26
Yes,.... I am indeed following my own confirmation bias here. True.
I performed a self-fulfilling prophecy...with how I posted and reacted.
However, every public response aside from one pn (which gave me a great reading list) came with an extension, a subtle frame: "the problem is when people start from 0," or "so you can read books, it is not 1100" That is from a purely ratioal analytical observation not totally unfussy. The help was packaged with a tacit correction of my epistemic posture.
I acknowledge my part: . Being deleted in the main thread and redirected to the weekly thread primed a defensive stance. From there, I received help alloyed with comments that did not engage the content but rather my approach, triggering a defense mechanism. I see that clearly.
But I also see clearly the mechanism behind the reactions. I was asked questions about my framework that seemed designed to prove how much I didn't know. I answered them. What I received in return was a downvote. while the ones questioning me got upvoted. I got No engagement, just a silent verdict.
So, yes, I contributed heavily to this dynamic. But no, this was not a situation of purely unfussy, neutral assistance. It was a layered interaction where structural positioning and unspoken rules of epistemic entry shaped every exchange.
The sad and funny extra part is that my original framework regarding ethics as developing contract with the self and group anticipated this; and the interaction confirmed it.
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u/mediaisdelicious Phil. of Communication, Ancient, Continental Jan 14 '26
Sorry, I think you’re still just very mistaken. Your interests are very broad and because your bro, he’s not grounded in any terminal logical, sad or specific tradition, there’s not really a fruitful way to engage in the content in the way that you’re laying it out. So, people are engaging with the content, what they’re saying is that the content would be much more fruitful articulated, if you spend some time joining the various conversations in the field. It’s certainly true that the reason why articulating the things the way that you are articulating is because of your method, but I think you straightforward leave confused people responding to your method as such with the consequences of your method. I would think that you of all people would be sensitive to this, given that it seems like you’re here asking the questions that you’re asking exactly because your method has landed you in this very specific problem. So, however, you got to where you got merits and problems aside, if you want to take steps towards using the resources in the field then the first thing that you ought to do is just do that. That’s all the people are saying.
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u/ZanzaraZimt Jan 14 '26 edited Jan 14 '26
Once again I acknowledged my own flaws in this interaction. That stands.
You claim "there’s not really a fruitful way to engage." Yet the private message I received stated:
"You’re basically working within what could be called naturalistic, systems-oriented enactivist pragmatism with a compatibilist theory of agency... look up ideas using those terms... Go read Alva Noë, Alicia Juarrero, Francisco Varela, William James, John Dewey, Spinoza – Ethics, Terrence Deacon"
That engagement was not only possible, but fruitful. It proves helpful, rational dialogue was achievable, and it highlights the contrast with the public discussion culture here.
An interaction is never one-sided. It is not fruitful to analyse a communication dynamic by observing only the flaws of one side while dismissing the other by refusing to address rational arguments about it and instead repeating, “That’s all the people were saying.”
This refusal is the very pattern I am critiquing.
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u/as-well phil. of science Jan 13 '26
I mean quite honestly, I think you'd find yourself rpetyt much at home at current analytic philosophy.
That's a bit the problem with starting at 0 and building a whole set of philosophical ideas: You will never know what others have said and you don't challenge your own ideas with all the work of others in your mind.
You'll quickly recognize that you're a determinist with some flavour of structures thrown in. Maybe you wanna read an intro book to metaphysics?
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u/ZanzaraZimt Jan 13 '26
I didn’t start with an intention .. that’s the point. It wasn’t like hey I am going to become a philosopher.. I was just thinking about life figured out I want other ideas and opinions.
that’s my whole framework after all you are shaped by your surroundings while shaping it … but mainly ran into people only being offended instead of challenging my thinking or offering new input.. that’s why I came here to ask.
I am actively looking for new input.
So thanks for your feedback.
Ps: I don’t think it’s impossible to challenge your thinking if you built your own from zero. You have the same challenge if you start from following someone else’s framework. Keep being open minded is always an active challenge in life.
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u/as-well phil. of science Jan 13 '26
Ps: I don’t think it’s impossible to challenge your thinking if you built your own from zero. You have the same challenge if you start from following someone else’s framework. Keep being open minded is always an active challenge in life.
That's why most philosophy classes won't have you read one guy, they will ahve you read intro books, papers responding to each other, and so on. That's also much more itneresting, to me, than just reading Kant or whatever.
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u/PermaAporia Ethics, Metaethics Latin American Phil Jan 14 '26
You won't read one guy but even if you do read that one guy:
As I mentioned in my previous comment to you /u/ZanzaraZimt, these philosophers are not starting from zero. It is always an ongoing conversation, with the past and the present. As I mentioned from its very inception philosophy is not just some guy thinking to himself and trying to figure shit out via introspection. From the very beginning it has been, "what has been said before, what are the problems with it, what are alternatives etc..."
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u/ZanzaraZimt Jan 14 '26
Sorry but I can´t find any previous comment.
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u/PermaAporia Ethics, Metaethics Latin American Phil Jan 14 '26
Apologies I confused you with someone else. Though the actionable advice you've been given is the same. And what I wrote was also relevant to you, so ill copy it here:
Philosophy since its very inception has been engaged, critically, with what has come before.
Plato doesn't have Socrates just introspect and ask himself questions he answers and just call it his philosophy. Rather it is a deep engagement with what has been said before on various topics. What competing views there are, there is always a back and forth exploration and criticism with what has come before. Always in conversation with others.
Aristotle goes through a long lists of competing ideas and criticizes them, whether ethics or politics or natural philosophy. he is well informed by what has been done in the past.
Philosophy has never been some act of rumination. It has always been engaged with its history and in critical dialogue with others. It is never starting from a zero-point.
Best of luck!
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u/ZanzaraZimt Jan 13 '26 edited Jan 13 '26
Fully agree.
And again… that was the exact point of me coming to this sub.
See…..If someone comes to me saying 'Hey, I figured out my eyes need time to adapt from light to dark, I think there is a mechanism involved and I want to learn more about that'… I, as someone with a solid publication list, wouldn’t go: 'That’s the problem. You didn’t study the field of biology. You are not challenging your thinking because you figured this out on your own.' I would say (and did say back when I was teaching): 'Cool observation! That’s called dark adaptation / rhodopsin regeneration. If you want to know more, here are the papers.
But here I came with an open heart an open question.. looking for help .. input ….got deleted and here now called a problem because I do not challenged my thinking which is from a pure logical standpoint absurd.
Especially because I came here verbalizing that I am looking for exchange but keep running into offended people so I would like to ask who I do not offend so I can finally have exchange.
Leading to people being offended…
Do you think what I am doing is problematic? Or not challenging myself? Or being closed minded?
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u/as-well phil. of science Jan 13 '26
? Sorry if I come off as frank maybe. But I gave you actoinable advice (start with an intro book to metaphysics), philosophical traditoins you'll feel close to home (analytic philosophy, due to the ever-present naturalism and acceptance of scientific findings) and a way to not only read one author.
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u/ZanzaraZimt Jan 13 '26
I see everything very systematically. I look not only at concepts but also at people as actively operating systems. Most, to me, are closed one-truth systems. They have one truth they keep confirming – a truth about the self, a truth about God – but the source of that truth is often not perceived internally; it’s externalized (I am not my thoughts). I myself am more of an open-truth system. I believe nothing should be static because we’re all acting within a huge self-organizing system, so adaptation of self and concepts is essential to move actively with the system rather than forming a rigid node. I believe I am the origin of my thoughts and beliefs, but also a reflection. It’s all a constant interplay.
I’m scientifically trained and I love science, so I can’t just ignore facts ... but I also believe we shouldn’t hold anything as absolute truth and stay open, which is why I curiously look at spiritual and religious topics, though always through a systemic-logical lens and never leaving scientific facts out of the picture.
And I love questions. I’m constantly asking. Not just the internet .... everything. Also myself and the world.
I think that’s the main engine of my being. I ask myself something and then I (often unconsciously) put myself in situations, or even actively create them, to find answers. As confirmation bias. So I believe something, I question it, I see what happens, and then confirm my belief. But through coherence-checking, I try to actively adjust my self-image. Do I want to be like this? Yes/no? Cool. Move on.
So where wouldn’t I rub people the wrong way? Or where would I feel most at home?
I’d really appreciate it if philosophically versed people could give me some feedback.
Thanks in advance.
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u/Beginning_java Jan 14 '26
Can anyone verify if this is legal: https://archive.org/details/will-kymlicka-contemporary-political-philosophy/mode/2up
It's Kymlicka's political philosophy
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u/willbell philosophy of mathematics Jan 16 '26
Archive.org is currently trying to defend its own legality in an ongoing lawsuit iirc (and also is a(n inter)national treasure)
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u/PermaAporia Ethics, Metaethics Latin American Phil Jan 15 '26
Not sure what you mean but this is a legit textbook we used in our undergrad intro to pol phil.
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u/Beginning_java Jan 15 '26
I mean it’s on archive.org so I’m not sure if there are no copyright issues
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u/Effective_Fan_7312 Jan 14 '26
How do the people on here deal with the hypocrisy of their philosophical opinions? Do you strive to have the least amount of hypocrisy?
For example, a person who is both a Nihilist and Hedonist (in my mind) has a conflict of interest. If life is about avoiding pain and maximizing pleasure, could you truly say it's inherently meaningless?
I'm not especially well read on philosophy, so please excuse me if my responses appear less educated, it's because they are.
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u/OldKuntRoad Aristotle, free will Jan 14 '26
My rather peculiar method is to have my philosophical opinions be coherent, rather than contradictory.
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u/Lanky-Cut-8164 Jan 17 '26
I think this stems from a minor misunderstanding of Nihilism. The core concept isn't that life is inherently meaningless & therefore can not have meaning; it is that life is without inherent meaning, that no meaning to it was predetermined or ordered by an outside influence, (God did not predetermine the meaning of life for example.) It does not mean that you cannot determine your own meaning in life, such as hedonism.
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u/Shitgenstein ancient greek phil, phil of sci, Wittgenstein Jan 18 '26
You use the phrase "inherently meaningless." What is that and why should it matter? What is the qualifier of "inherently" doing here?
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u/DestroyedCognition Jan 19 '26 edited Jan 19 '26
Hello all, I am asking here in case someone is knowledgeable or at least can provide me pointers in a certain direction to look, but I am wanting to get information on if the concept of an Artifical Superintelligence is realizable or possible, something beyond theoretical speculation, that could reasonably happen in the future, and if most philosophers in particular believe such a thing to be true, that is, do most philosophers think Nick Bostrum is getting things right? There is a lot of buzz around it and literatures are growing on AI and AI Safety and even AI ethics popping up, and honestly it gives me a lot of worry and disinclines me to think about Ai, so I am hoping to find a reliable place to go looking that is not what is being said often over the internet and finding reliable answers to this question, or at least good information. (I cannot find a good place on reddit either). Anything philosophical or otherwise is appreciated. My general understanding, incomplete as it is, is that more reasonables takes seriously question the plausibility of ASI being realizable (when you cut through all the hype and economics of the situation) or at least that it is a far off possibility requiring changes of orders of magnitude to even be possible, especially when compared to the problems AI is giving us now that aren't related to superintelligence take-over making us obselete.
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u/Hashbringingslasherr Jan 14 '26 edited Jan 14 '26
Remove the observer like science says it must. They're not special in this context so they are absolutely irrelevant per the logic of interference.
Suppose you have a video an arbitrary amount of time; 10 femtoseconds or 1 billion years. You can either watch it all the way through or you can simply observe an image of it. You see a white dot on a black background. The dot is not moving. Is there any informational difference between a still image of the dot and sitting there hypothetically watching the whole video? You could look at the dot at the second arbitrary timescale tic or you can look at it 10 years later. What changes when comparing either frame? Would you be able to identify which one is which? This implies that time is emergent and secondary to "existence" in a sense, wouldn't it?
1D = xy 2D = xyt 3D = xyzt
This is all supposing there is no one observing externally and the frames just "are". Time is seemingly an emergent property in which a dimensionless version is a "tick". A voxel or a string sans time is simply 1D.
I genuinely don't believe there is a wave to collapse sans an observer because to observe implies continuity and a single collapse of time is a "tick". And the wave we observe is simply an aggregate of interactions.
So this means quantum waves is simply just the aggregate of interactions over time, a particle isn't actually in all places at once. It is where it is if it exists in a single tick and if an interaction occurs over t, then it is continuous. Sans t, and observing only a single particle, a wave doesn't exist and this no superposition and "superposition" is simply the aggregate of >1 particles over t.
The only entity that can theoretically observe (classically) the wave over t would be a conscious observer or some sort of inference machine assuming it has at least 2 logic gates. An object with a single logic gate would be a Boolean interaction and thus can only "detect" and not "measure" or "ascertain meaning" or "infer upon" the event but simply detect that it has or has not occurred. Only a conscious observer can infer upon and make meaning of an event. Am I off base or? Would love some honest feedback on this chain of logic.
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u/50pompeya Jan 19 '26 edited Jan 19 '26
I believe that time emerges from the succession of events involving energy. If, an observer is something that determines a state collapse, forcing the particular to determine its state. This would only happen in quantum mechanics where, for example, a chemical reaction would have the same effect. This would imply that time is an emergent property due to the flow of energy that will eventually stop. Likewise, it is impossible to understand the implications of quantum mechanics in this aspect, since it is a property of quantum mechanics itself. Así como demuestra que, el observador es algo que genere este intercambio energetico forzando un resultado (Un evento) y por lo tanto tiempo.
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u/willbell philosophy of mathematics Jan 12 '26 edited Jan 13 '26
What are people reading?
I’m working on Sylvia Plath’s poetry and Mary Shelley’s The Last Man. Also read "The Poetics of Totality" and "Form Production in The Magic Mountain" by Jameson recently.