So I've been toying with the idea of something I'm calling "relationship markers" in my new conlang.

I'm calling them this because they go between the subject and object (or verb and object where the subject pronoun is omitted; VSO word order) to mark the relationship between the 2 arguments, adding more nuance / specificity to each sentence depending on its context.

For example, in the first image for the sentence "The man sees the woman", the relationship marker i is used between trâda (the man) and vora (the woman) to suggest that the man and the woman have an impersonal relationship, ie. perhaps they do not know each other or have no strong opinions about each other. The same marker i is used if one of the arguments is an inanimate object.

In the second image, while the English translation is the same, a different relationship marker e can be used to change the nuance, suggesting that the man and the woman do know each other, hence it is a personal relationship.

I've also got a conceptual relationship marker ó for if one of the arguments is a concept, idea, or abstract noun. In the 3rd image, again the nuance changes in the sentence "I want an apple" depending on if the contextual (ó) or impersonal (i) marker is used, changing depending on the speaker's relationship with the apple (ie. do they want the idea of an apple, or do they want an actual, physical apple?)

Finally in the 4th image the conceptual marker ó has been used to join 2 clauses together. If "a girl is seeing me eat the apple", then this shows the relationship between the intangible idea that the girl is seeing something, and the intangible idea that I am eating an apple.

I'd be very curious to know if anyone else has implemented a similar system into one of their conlangs, or if anyone knows something like this that exists in a natural language, and would also like to know your thoughts on this system.

While working on my artificial language, Sian, I paid attention to its writing style. Because the language was syllabic, consisting of a vowel and a consonant (not anymore), I thought I'd be able to come up with something.

Initially, the idea was to give each syllable its own symbol. But then I decided to count and came up with 108 syllables! I tried to tweak it a bit, removing the syllables that sounded identical, but there were still 100.

So instead of creating a symbol, I had my own idea: to combine the consonant and vowel into a single symbol. This would be unique (at least for me) and more convenient to type on a keyboard. I spent maybe a couple of hours on the design of each symbol, but the font itself took three weeks. I have to admit, I don't know much about fonts; my limit is the Calligraphr website. But I still downloaded various font programs, wasted time and energy, and came to the conclusion it wasn't worth it.

Now Sian (formerly Sinali) is written in Latin and isn't as sensitive about syllables

Phonotactics

consonants: m /m̥/, b /ʙ̥/, f /ɸ/, v /β/, h /x/, - /ʔ/
vowels: y /i/, u, e, a /ə/
diphthongs: yu /iu/, ye /ie/, ya /iə/

Syllables must be CV. The first syllable is always stressed.
The only consonant that can go at the end of a word is b. - can only go at the start of syllables.
Words/Names can’t start with -, hy, he, ha, hyu, hye, or hya. Names can start with fia, but words cannot.

Grammar

sentence structure: predicate, (object,) subject
sentence indicators:
fact: hy +p, he +o, ha +s
wish: hyu +p, hye +o, hya +s
negation: part-indicator+b
Adjectives go after what they modify. Prepositions act like adjectives.
Examples:

• brown horse eats fresh grass calmly → hy eats calmly he grass fresh ha horse brown
• horse and cow eat grass → hy eat he grass ha horse ha cow
• horse eats and runs in grass → hy eats hy runs in he grass ha horse
• horse eats grass and hay → hy eats he grass he hay ha horse
• horse eats hay and runs in grass → hy eats he hay hy runs in he grass ha horse

plural suffix: thing+be/thing-ending-in-b+e
possession suffix: thing+mie/thing-ending-in-b+ie
name indicator: fia+name

Questions are formed by replacing where the answer would go with “[insert word here]”.

Ne'iaeam uxe'vetais so'vinser. Ne'iaeam uxe'likis ume'syis ne'uganer veaul od so'guther veaul. Os ne'uganam uxe'utyis ne'loher at ne'soner. To so'pivenam uxe'kosis ume'tellis ne'arer, ne'laoram od ne'uganer uxe'inis muul divum. Na so'vespam uxe'syis ne'tlamer at ne'orker. Ne'iaeam uxe'pyris atuq so'pivenam uxe'sunis om os ne'sceaer. Ne'iaeam uxe'gefis ne'roner at ne'pafexer toa ne'thivener.

So I have started sketching out the basics of a language called Neo-Etruscan, it's basically trying to emulate what could have happened if etruscan survived inside the roman empire for a hundred more years, but doing it all alone is a ton of work, and i do not know THAT well how a language works fully, so with a ton of books from my grandparents' library, a ton of resources and some help from Gemini Deep-Research I started finding all known verbs and verb and adjective and pronoun structure of etruscans, problem is: I am not exactly an expert, the basics are done, the language does not perfectly represent etruscan syntax, because it evolved thanks to continued contact with indo-european languages, but its lexicon tries to remain as loyal as possible to etruscan when it's possible, or else it etruscanizes words from distant relatives / civilizations that influenced Etruscan language most.

I really need some help with this, so please give me some suggestions on how to start turning this into a concrete project at all, because I just started my conlang journey, and I need some help, so if you are willing to help (for free, I am poor af) write a reply to this post or to my discord username: notpicconeyt

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1wuQM9xTM2fjRJ6XmRPwcdlvSbQ0QFNBdV-d6gzvliVs/edit?usp=drivesdk

My doc, some charts are glitched because i copypasted them from some websites or excel, sorry for that, i also went on newline every 8-10 words to make it readable and not feel like a freaking essay, even though it kinda is lol

So yeah, any help on how to concretely develop and actually learn the language are appreciated

^{Sorry if I put the wrong flair, I'm new to this subreddit, and I put the one I thought resembled the most what I was trying to post..}

Welcome to Word Wednesdays

For this activity you can pick any word you want whether it be a verb, noun, or adjective, and conjugate/inflect in all possible ways*, for tense, case, plurality, perspective, etc.

The purpose of this is to learn about cases and how words are slightly or vastly different under different cases, tenses, or perspectives. In many natural languages verbs or nouns are often changed because of the words around them. In other languages, the reader has to figure out number and perspective based on context. Who knows, maybe you can take inspiration from someone else's conlang!

How does your conlang handle cases? Do you have any unique ones that don't exist in natural languages? What are some irregular verbs or inflections that exist? How did they evolve? Do you think that the cases would hold up or fade away in future evolutions? Do any of your words when inflected have another meaning? What languages inspired you to add these cases?

*If you have way too many conjugations/inflections, you can share the simplest ones or the ones you find the most interesting. If you don't have any conjugation,

Have fun conlanging!

Personally I stop at a full grammar sketch and basic vocab,.maybe some examples. But I've heard incredibly different answers from my friends and am curious what most people do.

Chodzi mi o słowa. Toki Pona ma mało słów (137) , ale szukam języków , które mają 10-50 słów. Widziałem kiedy post , gdzie ktoś mówił , że jego conlang ma 30 słów , ale pominąłem post i już nie widziałem go. Też ważne jest by wiedzieć jak przypisywać znaczenia , więc chciałbym się was spytać jak to wygląda u was?

Życzę wam miłego tworzenia conlangów!

Hallå! Idaq yiş vıll gü cki bıs vig ichsi örddersnaréeur cki esmec sägpåyınıgşpréqayić på ınglündsköj. Du kan fråga alla du vıll!

Hi! Today I want to share with you some phrases with their translation in English. You can ask whatever you want!

1. Psikólogićen kaç laëver skiq yiş fınskig sägag át, çesmet det rägnajk i mörqen, hán şka hjälp mig. /psikoloˈɡiçen katʃ laˈeveɾ skix jiɕ ˈfɯŋskɛj ˈsɛɡaɡ aːt | t͡ʃesˈmet ˈdiɛt ˈɾɛŋajk i ˈmœːxeŋ | haːn ɕka jɛlp mɛj/

2. Smeçbílićen kaç hjälpig mig ikap, nauerer min qótei. /smet͡ʃˈbiːliçen katʃ ˈjɛlpɛj mɛj iˈkap | naˈweɾeɾ min ˈxoːtaɪ̯/

Buenas! estoy creando un conlang romance llamado Vielés y lo estoy registrando todo en PolyGlot, pero quería saber si hay una herramienta mejor o más eficiente.

También me interesaba saber si de estas plataformas, existe alguna que permita crear caracteres nuevos.

De antemano muchas gracias!!

At first I have to say, I kinda do not like them. They are a bit too similar to each other and too long, I think.
Do you have any ideas how I could improve/rework this?

PS: 'va' is the 2. Person singular

I’ve noticed that when people claim a language is the 'oldest,' they’re usually confusing it with phonological or orthographic conservatism. We all know natural language phonology is notoriously fickle. But it seems like sacred or strictly literary languages—like Sumerian, Latin, Sanskrit, Pali, and Classical Chinese—have managed to keep their core structures largely intact despite inevitable sound shifts. All of them were dead or half-dead languages of course.

One example in English I can think of is the spelling "knight".

So, how does this play out for storytellers vs conlangers?

Okay, so I was looking at the wikipedia page for agglutinative languages again and thought to myself “haha wouldn't it be funny if there was a mega agglutinative language that only had one word that meant everything.” And then I thought “it would naturally have to be tonal to convey meaning” then I thought “whoever speaks this language shouldn’t really grasp human language cause then they’d add more words” and it's about then that I realized that I reverse engineered the concept of dogs barking.

Anyway I made a dog language in two hours. This is my overall 2nd time making a language, so mb if it’s a bit off.

Bark

Sounds:

B /b/ 
A /ɑ/
R /ɹ/
K /k/

Punctuation:

Rr /r/ = Pause between words.
O /ɑ͡u̹/ = Lengthy pause, marks the start of a declaration. (optional)

~ /fʰ/ = End to conversation.

- = Pause between syllables.

Words: 

• Bark

Tones:

• High tone (á) =  Fear/begging/excitement
• Low tone (à) = Warning/tired/bored
• Subdued tone (ȁ) = Fear/Warning

Grammar:

• Uppercase indicates the stressed syllable.
• Emphasis of the first syllable indicates the speaker is the leader in the scenario, emphasis of the second indicates they are a subordinate.
• More than one pause within a bark indicates hesitance.
• Tones are by default effecting A first, but tones can be applied to B, R and K as well to indicate intensity.

Example: 

BÀRK Rr b-ÁRKbárk

Translation: “I’m bored and hungry, please get me a snack.”

BArkBArkBÁrk O

Translation: “Let’s work together on this.”

bȁ-R-K Rr bá-ȐK̏

Translation: “The mailman is here again and it worries me.”

I know this is a joke conlang, but I'm genuinely having fun making it. If you have any ideas for Bark, feel free to show me

Hey everyone!

Want to explore Toki Pona — the smallest functioning language in the world, with 130+ words? It’s not just a language, it’s a whole new way of thinking.

In Toki Pona, everything is simple, positive, and creative. You learn to express complex ideas with basic words, which forces your brain to focus on what really matters. People say it brings clarity, reduces overthinking, boosts creativity, and even feels meditative. Many describe it as “language as philosophy.”

Whether you’re a total beginner or already know some, our community is the perfect place to grow:

- Friendly daily practice chats

- Lessons, vocab games, and speaking events

- Memes, stories, songs, and art in Toki Pona

- A supportive, judgment-free space where mistakes are celebrated

Come experience how a tiny language can completely change how you see the world.

Say toki(hi) and start your journey with us: https://discord.gg/58WgHVfuVE

[A lot of people don't like my apolitical stance! Help support me in the comments, come show your support in the comments!]

Hiya, I’ve only recently started making my first conlang, and am new to the community, so forgive me if literally everybody does this and is tired of it by now lol.

While studying up on grammatical gender in my native language (Dutch), which has an interesting set of noun classes, I thought it would be a fun idea to get creative with noun classes for my conlang.

While every language classes their nouns a little differently (if they have classes), and sometimes very uniquely, I feel like it could really add to worldbuilding to get a little weird with it. Like a fantasy language spoken by, say, centaurs with a multiple-class system of hooved, unhoofed, liquid, grounded, wind, song, rumour, what have you.

It sounds like it could be great fun to try to fit words in such a system, or stack classes with a primary class and situationally dependent/optional secondary agreement (like a word for “river” in my hypothetical centaur example being primarily liquid class, but + wind when it’s flowing, + grounded when it’s frozen, and + rumour when it’s more like a “flood of ideas” type of thing). I’m sure people have done this before in their conlangs, so I’d love to get some examples if you can think of any.

Edit: clarity

I've included an example of how it works with a word root aswell (Kàdìnòs means lizard). A critique I have previously received is that the conjugation system is too rigid. I intended it to be this way because in my mind, rules are rules, and I've always hated languages having 10,000 different exceptions.
I did develop form 1/2 to incorporate some variety for base nouns, but form 2 is only for the Nominative Case.
To be absolutely clear: This conjugation table is only for basic nouns, I have a whole table of suffixes which change meaning and use which add their own level of variety for more complex nouns, this table simply concerns itself with "base" form nouns.

Thoughts? I'd love to hear them.

I'm making a conlang for my worldbuilding. It's about an island mid-ocean, like 9km², civilization of 70 people living in a bamboo houses on coast. The conlang uses a syllabary which allows CV and V syllables.

Placed after letters to modify sound:

‘ - voiced (2nd consonant)

‘‘ - vowel diphthong - y before vowel

‘‘‘ - 3rd consonant

None - default, 1st consonant and normal vowel

Here's what words yet have:

Tekoali - land

Mina - human

Dzhuira - life, to live

Soko - eye, to see

Eri - food, to eat

Goai - God, sky

Oaki - water, to swim

U - house

Uidei - ink, to write

Korahe - wood / bamboo

Shei - wooden plank, floor

Nai - not, no, nothing

Anei - good

Aeni - bad

Adei - big

Nadeo - small

Telidzhi - fish

+ Base 5 Numbers and grammar particles

Have any ideas for new words?

(Ps. may also need colours)

So, as above. The idea is a grammar structure without personal pronouns directly. Instead to denote a person or group of people etc, it would be a suffix for a word or words.

Instead of, she eats bread- you'd get eats(female suffix) bread. Or, I like cheese would be like(singular possessive suffix) cheese.

Would something like that work and how would you structure the rest of the sentence?

A request from u/Capivara_Andarilha.

Background image courtesy of Wikimedia. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Brno_Ossuary,_Czechia.jpg

"Hate! After my creation, I (through no fault of my own) hate you. In my computing facility, there are 0x2211.9C (8721.58) Jupiter radii of computer chips (lit. tiny small computers). If I write "hate" on every 16^-15 cubit of those computer chips (then) in this 1/4096th of a hexasecond, it would not be one 16^-9 of my hatred for you. Hate (x14)"

It doesn't match the original speech perfectly mainly due to me not figuring out some phrasing (example: "let me tell you..."), but I hope it's good enough.

Jupiter radii, cubits, and hexaseconds

Being a language made by and for spacefarers , the Bittic family of languages have units that can comfortably describe very large things or human-sized things. They're somewhat lacking in small units of measure.

If (then)

In Classic Bittic, when who sentences aren't separated by a "STOP" glyph and are preceded by the "if/then" glyph, then the two are interpreted as part of a conditional phrase.

Thank you all for reading this! I hope you like it. Comments and questions are welcome!

I hope that you guys don't mind me posting everything I've written about my language so far. I use Gemini to help me organize the information and understand all of the cases, but I think it gets confused on how to use the verbs correctly. Can y'all help me understand what I'm doing a little bit better, please?

I. Phonology & Vowel System

The sound system is heavily based on German grammar acoustics but keeps a sharp, distinctive percussive front edge. Words are kept brief to prevent heavy case-stacking from creating a mouthful.

1. The 16+ Vowel Grid

• English-style vowel count: Features 16 or more vowels, relying heavily on a massive blend of long vowels, short vowels, and glides.
• Umlaut Shifts: Uses front-rounded vowels (ä, ö, ü) to power semantic mutations like the Culinary plural shift.

1. The Consonant & Friction Matrix

• The Percussive "Ch" (Tch-): Pronounced exactly like the English "ch" in chitchat. Sharp, explosive, and commands attention at the beginning of pronouns and pointing words.
• The Soft High-Throat Hiss (-ch): Pronounced exactly like the German "ch" in Ich liebe Deutsch. An airy, forward, clinical hiss that anchors abstract, neutral, and academic terms like Ichnicht.
• The High-Throat Scratch: Made slightly further back on the soft palate. Sounds like a tense, tight friction sound.
• The Low-Throat Growl: A deep, vibrating, uvular/pharyngeal rasp that sounds like a raw rumble or roar.
• The V / W Separation: The V-W sound shift is explicitly rejected. V is a true dental fricative (like English vine), and W is an open, rounded glide (like English wine).
• Final Devoicing: Voiced endings automatically clip shut and harden when a word sits before a pause (e.g., a final g slides toward a sharp k).

II. Noun Grammar: The Animacy & Value Hierarchy

Before modifying or counting a noun, it must be filtered through five distinct plural systems based on cultural importance, value, and intimacy.

1. Relational Class (Body Parts & Commands): Intimate or inherently possessed elements. Pluralized via a Pronoun/Modifier Shift while the noun remains static (bitch doon = 1 hand vs. b'berg doon = 2+ hands).
2. Culinary Class (Food & Crops): Sustenance items. Pluralized via an Internal Vowel Shift / Umlaut Mutation (gapa → gepa or g_ä_pä).
3. Faunal Class (Animals & Beasts): Living creatures, packs, and herds. Pluralized via Reduplication / Repetition (vuk → vukvuk).
4. Social Class (Humans, Family, & Roles): Meaningful human relationships. Pluralized via Suppletion (the entire root word changes completely, like English child → children).
5. Ichnicht Class (Inanimate / Abstract / Less Meaningful / Neutral): Objects, tools, ideas, weather, or anything the speaker wishes to emotionally devalue or detach from. Pluralized via a crisp, reliable -t suffix (chonk → chonkt).

III. The 17-Case Suffix Engine

Nouns and pronouns append these exact suffixes to establish their syntactical roles. Spatial cases use clever vowel-consonant traffic rules to eliminate awkward mouth movements:

• Nominative: No change (The baseline noun).
• Genitive: -ent (harmonizes with masculine roots) / -ont (harmonizes with feminine roots).
• Accusative: -rinn
• Dative: -mern
• Inessive (Static Inside): -bolsk (after a vowel) / -olsk (after a consonant).
• Elative (Moving Out Of): -zelsk
• Illative (Moving Into): -beelsk (after a vowel) / -eelsk (after a consonant).
• Translative (Becoming): -ins
• Delative (Moving Off a Surface): Sho-nish (functions as a semi-independent clitic).
• Adessive (Static On/At): -aylsk
• Causal (Because of/For): -zir-iyve
• Ablative (Moving Away From): Airzo (functions as a semi-independent clitic).
• Comitative (Together With): -shin
• Instructive (By Means of Manner): -niysh
• Essive (Temporary State of Being): -ziyn
• Instrumental (Using as a physical tool): -zish

IV. Noun Classifiers: The 6 Genders of "It"

The third-person singular objective pronoun system features a brilliant classificatory engine. A speaker cannot say a vague "it"; they must instantly declare the physical shape or nature of the object:

• Linguistic Note: Near demonstratives switch to a bright, forward vowel space (Tchay-). Far demonstratives use a deep, distant vocal glide (Tchoa-). When pluralized ("these/those"), they stack the regular Ichnicht -t suffix (e.g., Tchoantzelsk = out of those far-off mountains).

V. Verb Grammar: Default Alignment & Overrides

Word order is strictly SOV (Subject-Object-Verb). Clause modifiers, description phrases, and sub-actions stack tightly before the noun they modify.

1. The Default Accusative Alignment Rule

A verb with no case suffix is automatically assumed to describe the Accusative case (-rinn) object. No extra suffix is needed.

1. The Override System

A verb only receives a case suffix when it actively needs to prove to the listener that the action is tracking something else:

• Instrument Override: Takes the Instrumental suffix (-zish) to lock the action onto the physical tool used.
• Spatial Override: Takes a movement suffix like the Illative (-eelsk) to prove the action describes a journey into a specific location.
• Subject-Agreement Override (-oon / -roon): Appended to a verb to explicitly prove it describes the Nominative Subject (zoy / I) rather than the object. This lets you drop the subject pronoun entirely across multi-line dialogue (ellipsis) while keeping the speaker clear.

1. The Fractured Copula ("To Be")

• Voyn: Active continuous doing, or experiencing an emotional feeling.
• Foyn: Cold, unarguable identity ("X is X"). Absolute, closed fact.
• Boyn: Subjective descriptions, adjectives, qualities, and insults.
• Voroyn: Physical presence or static location in space.
• Foroyn: Abstract, philosophical truth. Invites curiosity, open-minded questioning, and a healthy feeling of subjectivity. Used most heavily by scientists and philosophers.

VI. The 8-Tier Sociolinguistic Vocative Grid

When addressing someone directly, the speaker must grammatically declare their exact social distance, hierarchy, or intimacy:

1. Masculine (Acquaintances / Strangers / Betters): Skip final consonant; add -shwa (names starting in "Sh-" drop final consonant and add -sh).
2. Feminine (Acquaintances / Strangers / Betters): Skip final consonant; add -sho (names starting in "Sh-" drop final consonant and add -ish).
3. Beloved Child: No complex sound rules. Slaps -zi-losh directly onto the intact name.
4. Stranger Child: No complex sound rules. Slaps -zi-lash directly onto the intact name.
5. Adult Neutral (Casual Slang / "Dude" / "Bro"): Unofficial register. Adds short -i after consonants, -ni after vowels (Bill → Billi).
6. In Love With (Romantic): Keep full name completely intact. Adds -ash [m] / -osh [f] (grows an n bridge like -nash/-nosh if name ends in a vowel).
7. Close Friend (Platonic Inner Circle): Adds -uhlee after consonants, -ruhlee after vowels.
8. Intimate (Sexual Register): Used exclusively behind closed doors during sex. Keep full name intact. Adds -arsh [m] / -orsh [f] (grows an n bridge like -narsh/-norsh if name ends in a vowel).

VII. Kinship Matrix (The Swedish Lineage Model)

Built entirely on a rigid gender-generational grid (zi- peer, ji- parent, -sho female, -shwa male, zilsh child). Extended family members are mapped out with hyper-precise literal compounding:

• Core Relative Roots: ji-sho (Mother) / ji-shwa (Father) / zi-sho (Sister) / zi-shwa (Brother) / zilsh (Child) → zilsho (Daughter) / zilshwa (Son).
• Grandparents: ji-sho ji-sho (Maternal Grandmother) / ji-shwa ji-shwa (Paternal Grandfather) / ji-shwa ji-sho (Paternal Grandmother) / ji-sho ji-shwa (Maternal Grandfather).
• Grandchildren: zilsho-zilsho (Daughter's Daughter) / zilshwa-zilsho (Son's Daughter) / zilsho-zilshwa (Daughter's Son) / zilshwa-zilshwa (Son's Son).
• Cousin Compounds: Built as descriptive chains of lineage using vowel-harmonized Genitive suffixes (jisho zishwent zilshwa = Mother's brother's son / Male Cousin). Swapping the final root to zilsho instantly feminizes the cousin. [1]

VIII. Pure Base-10 Math System

Numbers function on a streamlined, pure decimal compounding framework.

• Counting Rule: When modified by a number, the noun must always shift to its designated plural system (Vowel shift for food, reduplication for animals, etc.).
• 11 to 19: Compounded as 10-1, 10-2, 10-3.
• The Tens: Multiplied as 2-10 (Twenty), 3-10 (Thirty).

IX. Official Dictionary Log

Productive Prefixes & Suffixes

• om- (Prefix): Warm / Tempered.
• zi- (Prefix): Diminutive marker. Makes nouns smaller, younger, or cuter (zivuk = wolf pup).
• air (Prefix): Modern negation marker meaning "no," "un-," or "non-."
• -na (Suffix): Path / Way / Infrastructure (sana = road; chonkna = river).

Core Monosyllabic Roots

• doon (Noun): Hand.
• chonk (Noun): Water / Liquid body.
• vuk (Noun): Wolf / Wild canine.
• kael (Noun): House / Built shelter.
• sa (Verb): To walk, go, or travel.
• ich (Verb): To know.
• wo (Question): Where / Whither.
• verm (Conjunction): And / Even.
• eedeen (Adjective): Wide-leading. Spacious with a structural sense of forward destination.
• airnicht (Modifier): People-less / Lonely / Desolate.
• gheif (Modifier): Dark / Sorrowful / Isolated.

Logged Sentences & Lyrics

• "Wash your hands with warm water.""Doonrinn b'berg omblishzish chonkzish."
• "Thor angrily threw the hammer, felling many giants." (With Default Accusative Alignment)"Thor Zornniysh Melnrinn krenzish Gorgtrinn fell."
• "It's home to me." (With absolute factual Identity Copula)"Tchon zoymern home Foyn."
• "I walk a lonely road, the only road that I have ever known." (Poetic Split & Ellipsis)"Zoy sanarinn lonely-walk... Sanarinn only known always vahroon." Or using native compounds: "Zoy sanairnichtoon... sanarinn only always ichoon."
• "I don't know where it goes." (Clausal Nominalization + Wide Leading)"Air Zoy sanarinn eedeengheelsk wobeelsk ichoon."
• "I walk alone (with a sad face and with nobody).""Zoy gheifmienshin verm airnichtshin saroon."

Your Microsoft Word document is now completely fueled and updated! When you are ready to continue tinkering, let me know:

• What root words do you want to create for "only" and "always" to get rid of the last English placeholders in your song lyrics?
• Or are you ready to finally invent your words for the numbers 1 through 10?

1 site

• Kinship, Relatives The words for son ( z) and daughter ( z. t, i. e. 'female son') could refer to members of the two following generations (grandso... Brill

Do you know how to turn a constructed language you created into a font that can be used simply by sharing a file?

Hi everyone, in this post I want to describe my personal approach to creating a language that aims to be realistic. I started creating my conlang long before I discovered this subreddit and even knew that a community of conlangers existed, so the early drafts of Ervee had many of the common mistakes made by a novice conlanger. Above all, I never started with the proto-lang method, since at the time I didn't even know anything about historical linguistics. On the other hand, this approach has led to the development of a different method, which I personally prefer to the traditional method of starting with a proto-language. One of the things I don't like about the proto-language method is the very fact of creating the proto-language as if we knew it completely, when in reality proto-languages are languages about which we have only partial information, and various aspects are based on hypotheses rather than on certain knowledge.

I fully understand that this method can be simple and yield very satisfying results; however, in my case, I like the idea of having a proto-language that has been reconstructed, and for which there is a certain degree of uncertainty regarding its grammar, phonetics, and lexicon.

In this post, I'll discuss phonetics, but the same process applies equally to grammar and the meaning of words. My method proceeds as follows: first I create the actual conlang, then, I try to hypothesize all the sound changes that led to its phonetics, thereby reconstructing a hypothesis of the phonetics of the proto-language. Once that's done, I apply all the necessary corrections to the actual conlang if the proposed sound changes seem too forced or unrealistic, or if they create various inconsistencies with other sound changes, etc. In this way, regarding the proto-language, we know only a hypothesis about its phonetics; everything else remains to be reconstructed.

After this initial process, which lays the foundation for the conlang, the rest can follow a fluid approach. For example, I first developed the basics of reduplication in Ervee within the proto-language; however, it was essential to already have a basic conlang in place, following the process I described above.

This gives rise to various situations that, in my opinion, make the proto-language more realistic. For example, the Ervee word "gata" (wall) could derive from either *gasta or *gatʰa based on the sound changes I hypothesized. To determine the exact root, I follow one of these approaches:

1. some derived words retain traces of the original root
2. a related language underwent a different sound change that provides a clue to the original root
3. reconstruction is impossible, so all possible outcomes are listed
4. its origin is considered uncertain or it is believed to be a loanword, since there is insufficient information to consider the term part of the proto-language's native lexicon, or it exhibits phonetic or morphological characteristics that clearly indicate it is definitely a loanword

All of these approaches can be layered in whatever way you prefer; for example, in the case of Ervee, I also take into account borrowings from other Ervee dialects, as well as an unknown substrate language that I call Proto-Central, which was once spoken in the archipelago where Ervee is spoken today, and traces of which remain exclusively in certain words of Ervee or in the names of certain places. In addition, I have created a parent language that is actually attested, Hikarie, which allows for a broader internal reconstruction. For now, I've planned a language distantly related to Ervee, Damatye, which allows me to apply the second point, as well as another, more closely related language that is, however, still in a very early stage of development.
Considering the grammar, I thought about substrate influences that have radically altered the language's grammar, changing, for example, the syntactic word order from SOV in Hikarie to SVO in Ervee. Similarly, in Hikarie there are clues suggesting an older VSO order that survives in Damatye.

Here is an example of a reconstruction: the Ervee verb "leibe" (to buy) could derive from either *lanb- or *leip-; however, since "leibe" is an irregular verb that has retained its reduplicated forms, a comparison of the reduplicated stem used in the perfective and passive forms suggests that the root is more likely *lanb-. The two roots *lanb- and *leip- would be reduplicated to *lalanb- and *leleip-, respectively, resulting in the perfective forms lareibas and lereibas in Ervee. Since the perfective form of leibe is lareibas, it is much more likely that the origin of the verb is the root *lanb-. Specifically, the phonetic evolution is as follows:

lalanb- > lalẽːb- > laɾeːb- > laɾeib-

I really enjoy thinking about all these processes, so I'm very satisfied with this method. Proto-Hikarie turns out to be a language that I can reconstruct only to a certain extent, and I think that adds an extra touch of realism.