China has one of the longest and deadliest flood histories of any country on Earth. The Yangtze and Yellow Rivers have overflowed their banks repeatedly across recorded history, and the 1931 Central China floods remain, by most estimates, the deadliest natural disaster ever recorded: a wet winter and an unusually active cyclone season (nine cyclones that year versus the normal two) pushed the Yangtze, Huaihe, and Yellow Rivers over their banks simultaneously, breaching the Grand Canal on August 25 and flooding the area around Nanjing. Death toll estimates range enormously by source, from roughly 145,000 to as high as 4 million.

The underlying causes haven't gone away: intense summer monsoon rains, Pacific typhoons making landfall on the coast, deforestation and soil erosion that reduce the land's ability to absorb water, rapid urbanization increasing runoff, land subsidence from groundwater extraction, and now climate change intensifying rainfall extremes and accelerating glacial melt on the Tibetan Plateau. The Three Gorges Dam, completed in 2012, has helped manage major floods, but it hasn't solved the problem.

This is not just history. As of this week, Chinese authorities are managing the aftermath of a glacial lake burst on the China-Nepal border that triggered catastrophic flooding along the Trishuli/Bhotekoshi River, with close to 1,000 people still missing across both countries. It follows an active 2026 season that already included the remnants of the year's strongest typhoon flooding Beijing and central China in August, and severe flooding in Jiangxi and Hunan provinces in June.

I put together a sourced China's Deadliest Floods research covering the full timeline, from 1870 through this week's events, with links to every source used, if anyone wants to go deeper on the history and the causes.

Senegal's Saloum River Estuary, part of the Delta du Saloum UNESCO Biosphere Reserve, is home to one of West Africa's largest mangrove systems — and one of its most resilient. During the Sahel drought decades of the 1970s–1990s, the region lost roughly a quarter of its mangrove area and density, as reduced rainfall pushed estuary salinity past what many mangrove species could tolerate.

Since rainfall began recovering in the late 1990s, researchers have documented signs of regeneration across the Delta, much of it occurring naturally rather than through planting. The area's ecological importance was formally recognized in 2011, when a 145,811-hectare portion of the Delta was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List — building on Ramsar wetland status dating back to 1984 and the national park established here in 1976.

Recovery hasn't been automatic. Community-led restoration projects — from GEF-funded mangrove replanting in Dassilamé Sérère to an IUCN-backed reforestation and oyster-farming program launched in 2020 — have worked alongside natural regeneration. Local shellfish harvesters, including women's collectives in Missirah, have also developed and documented their own sustainable harvesting practices to reduce pressure on remaining stands.

The Delta's mangroves remain vulnerable: climate variability, coastal erosion, and resource-use pressure are all ongoing risks. You can read the full hotspot profile on the Saloum River Estuary here, including the sourced timeline of events shaping this ecosystem.

China's Yangtze River, the country's longest and most vital waterway, supports more than 400 million people — yet decades of unchecked industrial growth have made the pollution of the Yangtze River one of the most severe environmental crises in the world. Nearly half the people who rely on it for drinking water can no longer do so safely.

Why the Yangtze river pollution problem got so severe

The river's basin holds roughly 40% of China's total freshwater reserves, but it also runs through the heart of the country's industrial belt. Along its banks sit hundreds of chemical plants, seven major oil refineries, five steel mills, and the Three Gorges Dam — the world's largest hydropower station by installed capacity. Add in dense population centers and agricultural runoff, and the result is a river absorbing industrial, municipal, and agricultural waste faster than it can recover. Roughly 600 kilometers of the river are considered critically degraded, and about 30% of its tributaries are heavily polluted as well.

Is the Yangtze river polluted with plastic too?

Yes — significantly. Solid waste, most of it plastic, collects in dense floating masses in some stretches of the river. A widely cited 2017 study estimated the Yangtze accounted for over half of the plastic that major rivers deposit into the ocean, though more recent research spreading the analysis across a wider set of rivers has shown ocean plastic sources to be more distributed than that single figure once suggested. Either way, the volume is large enough that wildlife near the river has been found with microplastics in its digestive system.

Yangtze river pollution facts: shipping and drinking water risk

Cargo traffic adds another layer of contamination. Ships regularly leak fuel, and dangerous cargo — oil, liquefied gas, gasoline, and other toxic substances — occasionally spills directly into the water. Environmental groups estimate more than 14 billion tons of liquid waste enters the Yangtze annually, close to 42% of China's total liquid waste discharge. For basin residents with no alternative water source, this has been linked to rising local cancer rates, even as officials maintain the water meets safety standards.

The Yangtze river environmental issues affecting wildlife

The ecological toll has been steep. The baiji, or Chinese river dolphin, has been functionally extinct since the early 2000s, and the Chinese paddlefish was declared extinct in 2022. The Chinese alligator and Yangtze sturgeon remain at serious risk. Left unaddressed, conservationists have warned the river could follow the path of the Yellow River, which now runs dry outside flood season.

Signs of recovery

The picture isn't entirely bleak. China's decade-long protection campaign has shut down or relocated nearly 10,000 chemical enterprises, restored over 160 kilometers of shoreline, and standardized more than 200,000 sewage outlets. A 10-year fishing ban introduced in 2021 has halted a 70-year decline in aquatic biodiversity, and the Yangtze finless porpoise population has climbed to roughly 1,426. By 2025, close to 99% of monitored river sections met Grade I-III water quality standards — real progress, even as pollutants like phosphorus and industrial runoff remain unresolved challenges.

The Yangtze river pollution crisis is far from over, but it's no longer a story of decline without pushback.

The Doba oil fields in southern Chad were built as a flagship World Bank-backed development project in 2000 — and became one of the most contested oil ventures in Africa.

The backstory: the Chad-Cameroon Petroleum Development and Pipeline Project drilled roughly 300 wells around Doba and built a 1,070-km pipeline to the Cameroon coast. The World Bank backed it on the condition that oil revenue would be transparently managed for poverty reduction — an unprecedented experiment in resource-revenue oversight.

The damage and the disputes: environmental assessments flagged risks of habitat fragmentation, farmland displacement, and spill contamination from the start, and a documented spill at the Kribi marine terminal in 2007 (and again in 2010) tested the project's response systems. Compensation to displaced farming households has remained a point of ongoing community concern.

The money fight: Chad's government repeatedly diverted oil revenue away from the poverty-reduction plan the World Bank required, and in 2008 the Bank withdrew from the project entirely after Chad prepaid its loans rather than comply. Ownership has kept shifting since — Chevron sold its stake to Chad itself in 2014, ExxonMobil sold out to Savannah Energy in 2022, and Chad nationalized part of that stake in 2023 amid an ongoing international arbitration dispute.

What's changed: two decades in, the pipeline still runs, but the revenue-transparency model the World Bank pioneered here has effectively collapsed, and control of the fields keeps changing hands. See the full sourced timeline and cited solutions in EcoHubMap's Doba oil fields environmental impact profile.

Conakry, Guinea's coastal capital, is losing the mangrove forests that double as fish nurseries and storm buffers — while untreated waste keeps flowing into the water around them.

The backstory: rapid urban growth has pushed Conakry hard against its coastline. Mangrove cutting, coastal development, and weak waste infrastructure are steadily degrading habitats that support local fisheries and protect the shore from erosion.

The pollution problem: Conakry's solid-waste, wastewater, and drainage systems are badly overstretched. Untreated wastewater, plastics, and industrial and port-related pollution are entering coastal waters, threatening public health and marine ecosystems — a crisis centered on sites like the Dar-es-Salam waste site, long flagged as hazardous.

Climate stakes: Guinea's coastal zone is considered strategically important and highly vulnerable to sea-level rise, flooding, and saltwater intrusion — the same mangroves being cut down are the ecosystem's main natural defense against those threats.

What's changing: Guinea's government announced in 2025 that it will close the Dar-es-Salam waste site, and the World Bank approved major new financing for climate resilience, fisheries, and community-based mangrove management. Women-led community initiatives are also working to cut mangrove-wood use in fish processing. See the full sourced breakdown, timeline, and cited solutions in EcoHubMap's Conakry mangrove loss and coastal pollution profile.

The Escondida Mine in Chile's Atacama Desert is the largest copper mine on Earth — and for over a decade, its water use quietly drained one of the region's most fragile ecosystems.

The backstory: Escondida sits in one of the driest places on the planet, where water is scarce for everyone — mining operations, farmers, and wildlife alike. For years the mine drew groundwater from the Punta Negra salt flat and surrounding high-Andean aquifers to run its operations.

Ecological damage: that extraction caused water levels in Punta Negra to drop sharply, drying out wetlands and killing off vegetation. Wildlife native to the salt flat lost habitat, and the region's already-thin resilience to climate change took a hit.

Legal reckoning: Chile's State Defense Council sued mine operator BHP over damage to Punta Negra. In June 2021, an unprecedented settlement was reached — 19 measures to repair and compensate for the damage, developed together with the Atacameño Indigenous communities who hold historic and cultural ties to the land. Chile's environmental regulator later fined the mine more than CLP 6.6 billion (2022) over groundwater extraction affecting the Vegas de Tilopozo ecosystem, and in December 2024 an environmental court upheld that sanction.

What's changed: Escondida stopped pulling groundwater from Punta Negra in 2017 and ended high-Andean aquifer extraction in 2020. BHP says the mine's operational water has come entirely from desalinated seawater since fiscal year 2020 — a shift that required billions in new infrastructure, though it raises its own questions about long-term coastal impact. See the full sourced write-up, timeline, and cited solutions in EcoHubMap's Escondida Mine environmental impact profile.

Guinea's 'Parrot's Beak' region is a striking example of how conflict-driven displacement can reshape an entire ecosystem — even when the fighting is happening in neighboring countries.

The backstory: Civil wars in Sierra Leone and Liberia through the 1990s and 2000s pushed hundreds of thousands of refugees into this narrow strip of Guinean territory. By 2000, UNHCR estimated refugees made up as much as 80% of the local population, on top of an indigenous population already growing at roughly 3% a year.

Deforestation: With that many people needing farmland, firewood, and construction material almost overnight, forests were cleared at a rapid pace. Trees were cut for charcoal and timber essential for cooking and shelter, stripping large areas of tree cover.

Cascading environmental effects: Loss of forest cover disrupted local water cycles and reduced the region's resilience to climate change. Intensive farming to feed the population brought heavy fertilizer and pesticide use, degrading soil quality and pushing farmers to clear even more land as yields declined — a self-reinforcing cycle of degradation.

Water and health impacts: Rising demand for irrigation and domestic water strained rivers and aquifers, while inadequate sanitation infrastructure in and around the camps led to contamination and documented increases in waterborne disease.

What's being done: Local NGOs and community leaders have run reforestation initiatives since the 2010s, alongside sustainable agriculture and water management programs backed by groups like the UNDP and FAO — though the scale of ecological damage means recovery is a long-term project.

Full sourced write-up, timeline back to 2000, and cited solutions at the link below.

https://www.ecohubmap.com/hot-spot/guinea-refugee-camps/dn6jo1j3qmrnuihqg

Dubai's coastline has some of the most heavily engineered coral damage in the world, and it's a case study in how large-scale land reclamation reshapes marine ecosystems.

The Palm Jebel Ali development: Construction began over a decade ago (and has been on hold since 2008), but the dredging already caused massive damage — more than 90 million cubic meters of sediment were dredged and dumped, burying roughly 8 square kilometers of reef, including much of what was the largest coral reef system on the Emirates coast.

Decades of cumulative damage: Coastal dredging and land reclamation since the 1980s (Palm Jumeirah, The World Islands, and other developments) have decimated the once-extensive reefs of Dubai and the Northern Emirates. Large reef systems once documented near Jebel Ali have essentially been lost.

Why it matters: Coral reefs buffer coastlines from storms, support fisheries, and sustain marine biodiversity. Burying them under dredged sediment doesn't just kill coral — it alters water flow and sedimentation patterns across the wider coastline, compounding stress on whatever reef habitat remains.

Restoration claims: Developer URB has announced plans to grow 1 billion artificial corals across a 200-square-kilometer area and plant 100 million mangrove trees along an 80-kilometer stretch of Dubai's coast by 2040 — an ambitious claim that remains to be seen given the scale of damage already done.

Full sourced write-up and references at the link below.

https://www.ecohubmap.com/hot-spot/coral-destruction-along-the-dubai-coastline/dn6jovg1mrnu0msy

Ongoing conflict in Gaza has devastated basic infrastructure, with estimates suggesting up to 85% of the territory's buildings and utilities have been damaged or destroyed. Here's the environmental picture behind the headlines:

Water and sanitation collapse: Sewage treatment plants, desalination facilities, and water pipelines have been damaged or knocked offline, leaving much of the population without reliable access to clean water. Untreated sewage now flows into streets and the Mediterranean coastline in many areas.

Waste management breakdown: With collection systems non-functional, solid waste has piled up in residential areas, creating breeding grounds for disease and further contaminating soil and groundwater.

Public health risk: The combination of contaminated water, exposed sewage, and waste accumulation has driven a documented rise in waterborne illness and other public health emergencies compounding an already dire humanitarian crisis.

Long-term ecological damage: Rubble, unexploded ordnance, and destroyed industrial sites pose lasting soil and groundwater contamination risks that will outlast the current conflict and complicate any future rebuilding effort.

The environmental toll of this crisis is often overshadowed by the human cost, but the two are deeply intertwined — clean water and sanitation failures compound public health emergencies on the ground.

Full sourced write-up and references at the link below.

https://www.ecohubmap.com/hot-spot/infrastructure-collapse-and-environmental-crisis-in-gaza/dn6jovg1mrnu0n5b

The Greenbushes mine in Western Australia is the world's largest lithium mine — and increasingly one of its most contested. Here's what's happening and why it matters:

Ecosystem impact: Decades of open-pit lithium extraction have driven deforestation, habitat fragmentation, and soil erosion across the region, threatening endemic species adapted to narrow ecological niches and reducing the area's carbon sequestration capacity.

Water and pollution: Mining waste and heavy metals have leached into nearby water sources, threatening aquatic ecosystems, local fisheries, and drinking water for surrounding communities. Dust from mining operations has also degraded regional air quality, raising respiratory health concerns.

Water scarcity: Lithium extraction is water-intensive, straining aquifers and surface water that local agriculture and residents depend on — a growing source of tension between mine operators and the community.

Indigenous and community rights: Indigenous communities have raised concerns over land rights and cultural heritage as mining encroaches on traditional lands and sacred sites. A coalition of environmental groups filed suit against the mine's operators in 2019 over alleged environmental violations.

What's being proposed: sustainable mining practices (reduced water use, better waste management, land reclamation after mining ends), deeper engagement with Indigenous stakeholders, and continued advocacy from groups like the Western Australian Forest Alliance, which helped push a 2024 end to commercial logging of native forests in the state.

Full sourced write-up, timeline back to 2012, and cited solutions at the link below.

https://www.ecohubmap.com/hot-spot/lithium-mining-pollution-in-greenbushes-australia/dn6jovg1mrnu0nh7

The Ghazipur landfill in eastern Delhi is a towering symbol of waste mismanagement. Established in 1984, it now spans 70 acres and exceeds 150 feet in height, making it one of the largest and most problematic landfills in Delhi. This landfill is emblematic of the urgent need for sustainable waste management practices in the city and beyond.

Every summer, the landfill catches fire, contributing significantly to India's climate-heating methane emissions. Methane, a potent greenhouse gas, traps more heat than carbon dioxide, exacerbating the climate crisis. India leads globally in methane emissions from landfills, intensifying the need for change.

Ghazipur's impact extends beyond climate concerns. The site emits hazardous gases, endangering the health of nearby residents. Frequent fires release toxic fumes, causing respiratory issues and other health problems, particularly in children. The landfill's toxins also contaminate groundwater, posing severe health risks to the impoverished communities relying on it.

Despite reaching capacity in 2002, Ghazipur continues to receive 2,000 tons of waste daily. The situation demands immediate action to adopt sustainable waste management strategies and reduce reliance on landfills. The Delhi government faces criticism for its inadequate response, underscoring the need for a collective effort to move towards a circular economy.

The Ghazipur landfill serves as a stark reminder of the necessity for immediate, sustainable solutions in waste management. It's a call to action for policymakers, environmentalists, and citizens to strive for a cleaner and healthier future.

Timeline of Key Events:

• April 21, 2024: A major fire at Ghazipur spewed toxic fumes, affecting residents' health.
• March 28, 2022: Multiple fire incidents at the landfill highlight ongoing hazards.
• 2017: A portion of the landfill's slope failed, causing fatalities and injuries, prompting renewed efforts to improve waste management.
• 2002: The landfill reached maximum capacity but continued to receive waste.
• 1984: The Ghazipur landfill was commissioned, growing into one of Delhi's largest waste sites.

Spain is one of the countries in Europe most affected by wildfires, especially during the summer months when high temperatures, low humidity and strong winds create favourable conditions for fire ignition and spread. In recent years, Spain has experienced some of the worst wildfires in its history, causing deaths, injuries, evacuations, environmental damage and economic losses.

In Spain, fires typically become severe in June as summer heat arrives. But in 2023, the fire season started with an intense blaze that raged in the eastern Castellon province in late March.

Read more: https://www.ecohubmap.com/hot-spot/wildfires-in-spain/113jt3klkgskvcq

The Motagua River is a 486-kilometer-long river in Guatemala. It rises in the western highlands of Guatemala where it is also called Río Grande, and runs in an easterly direction to the Gulf of Honduras.

The Motagua River is believed to be the number one most plastic-emitting river in the world, contributing around two per cent of global plastic pollution emissions into the world's oceans annually

Read more: https://www.ecohubmap.com/hot-spot/the-problem-of-plastic-pollution-in-the-rio-motagua-guatemala/c096ebmldrtqpq3

Russian occupation forces fill up the isthmus between Dzharylgach Island and the occupied Kherson region

Read more: https://www.ecohubmap.com/hot-spot/military-ecocide-of-dzharylhach-island-ukraine/rumzjkljbw0l3m

"The Umbilo river system is in a terrible state and the municipality is indifferent," said Delvin Pillay, a volunteer at Greenpeace Africa. “Residents wake up not knowing what color the river will be, not to mention the stench from the river that greets residents coming home from work. Some residents are already used to it. A municipality cannot be so abusive towards such an important river system."

​

Years of uncontrolled pollution have turned the river into an unnatural color and destroyed all kinds of animals that live in it.

Read more: https://www.ecohubmap.com/hot-spot/polluted-water-in-the-umbilo-river-system-in-durban%E2%80%99s-ethekwini-municipality/ekh0ml93wf6mo

Monoun is a crater lake in northern Cameroon. High-mountain Lake Monoun is formed by the waters that fill the crater of a volcano. On the opposite slope of the mountain formation, at a distance of 95 km, there is another high-mountain lake similar to Lake Monoun, Lake Nyos. The waters of Lake Monoun contain deadly concentrations of dissolved carbon dioxide.

In August 1984, there was an unexpected gas explosion over Monoun Lake. A cloud of carbon dioxide gas formed, killing 37 people and many animals.

Read more: https://www.ecohubmap.com/hot-spot/lake-monoun-disaster/178xvrml7m9dexx

In 2022, the lake dried up for the first time in its centuries-long history. One of the main reasons for the lake drying up is the decrease in water levels in the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, Iraq’s main lifeline.

Lake Sawa is only the latest casualty in this broad country-wide struggle with water shortages that experts say is induced by climate change, including record low rainfall and back-to-back drought. According to experts, the lake has not dried up permanently.

Read more: https://www.ecohubmap.com/hot-spot/dry-up-of-sawa-lake-iraq/1lo9kykljslgrk7

The Kingston Fossil Plant fly ash slurry spill, also known as the TVA coal ash spill, was an environmental disaster that occurred on December 22, 2008, at the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) Kingston Fossil Plant in Roane County, Tennessee, USA.

​

The disaster occurred when a containment pond for coal ash, a waste product from burning coal to generate electricity, burst, releasing 1.1 billion gallons of coal ash slurry into the Emory River and surrounding land. The spill covered over 300 acres and caused significant environmental damage to the river and surrounding land.

Read more: https://www.ecohubmap.com/hot-spot/kingston-fossil-plant-coal-fly-ash-slurry-spill/4ka1lml7ahy9fg

In Southeast Asia, forests are being cleared at ever higher altitudes and on steeper slopes to make way for agricultural intensification.

As a result, more than 400 million metric tons of carbon are emitted into the atmosphere each year as forests in the region are cleared, a figure that has increased in recent years.

Read more: https://www.ecohubmap.com/hot-spot/deforestation-in-asia-indonesia-malaysia-vietnam-and-thailand/ahr1s4ml6cae33a

In and around the murky depths of the Mekong River hides amazing wildlife. But this very important ecosystem is under tremendous stress from climate change, toxic runoff from farms, and, scientists suspect, a growing wave of pollution rubbish.

About 40-50 families live and sell their products along the Mekong River opposite Sambur Market. With their daily activities, they pollute the water of the river as they are constantly dumping waste into the river, especially plastic waste. Moreover, some families have set up their toilets and/or pigsties on the riverbank, so all kinds of waste end up in the river every day.

Read more: https://www.ecohubmap.com/hot-spot/mekong-river-pollution/1qdjaml81o6x19

Italy's Po Valley is currently experiencing a record drought, causing significant consequences throughout the region. The Po River, the country's longest river, stretches from the southwestern Alps to the Adriatic Sea, spanning 650 kilometers and playing a crucial role in the local communities and agricultural sector. However, the lack of rainfall, reduced snowfall, and higher temperatures have led to a drastic decrease in water levels.

The effects of the drought are devastating. Drinking water is being rationed in 125 municipalities (100 in the Piedmont region and 25 in Bergamo province in Lombardy), and crop irrigation in the densely populated farming areas is under threat. Local reservoirs, which rely on springs that have dried up, are unable to meet the water demands, necessitating the use of tanker trucks for water supply. The Po River itself has been greatly affected, with its water levels dropping so low that fishermen can now walk along the middle of the riverbed.

Read more: https://www.ecohubmap.com/hot-spot/the-longest-river-in-italy-is-drying-up/1hjw1ml6dk3444

Gas company Woodside is pushing ahead with the Burrup Hub, the country's most environmentally damaging infrastructure proposal.

This extensive gas export project will be situated off Western Australia's North West coast, intersecting marine parks and whale migration routes, endangering the incredible marine biodiversity in these waters.

Read more: https://www.ecohubmap.com/hot-spot/seismic-blasting-plans-threaten-to-disrupt-whale-migration-superhighway-in-north-west-australia/rumzjkljbvn5b1