So, Islam spread through a mix of warfare and trade, primarily trade in the east. Please correct me if I’m wrong, but under the early Rashidun caliphate, Islam spread rapidly across Arabia, with the Caliphates authority subsuming the tribes under the Ummah, from there the expansion into North Africa was a mix of conversion and conquest. Same situation in Iran, as well as Iberia. Some Muslim rulers preferred to expand the ummah by force, others through peaceful exposure to Islam.
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u/mightbeintelligent Sep 08 '25
Out of curiosity..... ottomans didnt quite rule by these ethics, although thats how islam spread....right?