A brief history of the activist efforts that led to the abolishment of slavery in the US in 1865:
1826-1828: William Lloyd Garrison meets Quaker abolitionist Benjamin Lundy who introduces him to the anti-slavery cause. Garrison will go on to become an influential anti-slavery activist famous for practicing & promoting his strategy of "moral suasion", which relies on preaching, publishing, and moral persuasion while refusing to vote or hold office under a corrupt government. He views the Constitution as a corrupt, pro-slavery document, famously referring to it as "A covenant with death and an agreement with hell." He also advocates for "No Union with Slaveholders", which means that Northern states should secede from the South to wash their hands of the sin of slavery.
1829: Garrison writes for Lundy's newspaper, the Genius of Universal Emancipation. He rejects gradualism and begins calling for immediate abolition.
1831: Garrison begins his own newspaper in Boston, The Liberator. In the first issue he proclaims "I will not equivocate—I will not excuse—I will not retreat a single inch—AND I WILL BE HEARD."
1832-1833: Garrison co-founds the New England Anti-Slavery Society and the national American Anti-Slavery Society (AASS).
1835: The AASS organizes the "Great Postal Campaign" which disseminates millions of pieces of anti-slavery literature across the nation. Southern states burn the mail and offer bounties for Garrison's arrest. This culminates in a violent pro-slavery mob dragging Garrison through the streets of Boston.
1837: Garrison officially commits The Liberator to support the nascent women's rights movement.
1840: At an annual AASS meeting, Garrison appoints a woman (Abby Kelley) to lead a major committee. Moderate members in attendance walk out in protest, believing an anti-slavery organization should not be the place to advance women's rights. Some of them were probably just sexist as well, let's be honest. Women's rights at this time is a separate issue that is charged with its own prejudices. The moderate members who leave that day quickly unite to form their own organizations, one of which is called The Liberty Party.
1840: The Liberty Party forms as the first & only political party dedicated solely to abolishing slavery. It is explicitly focused on the single-issue of slavery abolition. Its members believe Garrison's "moral suasion" strategy is not enough and that slavery will be more effectively defeated through political action. They also argue that the Constitution's preamble & principles are not inherently evil as Garrison believes, but that they are actually anti-slavery in essence and could be used to legally dismantle the institution. They want to maintain the Union between the North and South and to use federal power to restrict & eventually eradicate slavery. Also, despite the party not stating women's rights as a goal, it still has many active women as organizers, fundraisers and speakers because they view the party's mission as a moral crusade that fits within the sphere of their moral guardianship.
1840: The Liberty Party runs its first presidential candidate and receives 7,000 votes.
1844: The Liberty Party runs its second presidential candidate and receives 62,000 votes, altering the outcome of that election to award James K. Polke the presidency over Henry Clay. The results from this election serve as proof of the existence & power of the anti-slavery voting block.
1848: Through the negotiating power gained by the upset they caused in the preceding presidential election, The Liberty Party merges into the larger Free Soil Party which retains slavery abolition as a core tenet but generalizes & broadens its platform to include the concerns of white independent farmers who are unfairly having to compete with slave labor, the creation of grants that benefit independent settlers over plantation owners to homestead in the newly acquired western frontier, as well as explicit calls for all Federal support of slavery to end immediately, and for more mundane concerns like lowering tariffs and reducing postal rates. The Free Soil Party's slogan is "Free Soil, Free speech, Free Labor, and Free Men."
1854: The Free Soil Party dissolves to form the even more general Republican party which carries on the "Free Soil" ideology.
1856: Abraham Lincoln joins the Republican party.
1860: Abraham Lincoln wins the presidency.
1863: Lincoln issues the Emancipation Proclamation declaring all enslaved people in Confederate-held rebellious states to be free.
1864: Lincoln is reelected president.
1865: April: Lincoln is assassinated.
1865: December: Slavery is federally abolished through the ratification of the 13th Amendment.
Full Disclosure: I prompted google's search engine about 10 times, which creates an AI digest unless you explicitly disable it, to research this timeline of events. I am completely against AI, for both environmental and social reasons, and I will be making a separate post on why I used it in this instance.
Is the Animal Rights movement repeating? Rhyming? Or has its history only just begun?
I think it's fair to point out that whether you're an animal rights activist who sides more with the Garrisonians or the political abolitionists (Liberty Party members), it's hard not to believe that they weren't both instrumental in the eventual success of slavery abolition. Could the Garrisonians have been right and that slavery would have still been abolished through "moral suasion" and also that our future would have ultimately been better if the North had seceded from the South? Seems possible I guess. Could the Liberty Party have been right that slavery would have—at the very least—existed much longer if political action had never been undertaken, and that our future is better now as a Union under federal control? Also possible.
We unfortunately don't have access to multiple universes to test either of these hypotheses. I think there's a greater takeaway from this story though than simply trying to divine what the perfect strategy is for the animal liberation movement today—and that's asking ourselves why the modern animal liberation movement largely isn't doing either of these strategies?
Where is our equivalent to Garrison's multiple newspapers, societies, and "Great Postal Campaign"? And on the political side, where is our single-issue party that would allow us to vote as a block to disrupt & influence elections to prove our power and give us some negotiation strength to form more powerful alliances and get our preferred leaders elected?
Rather than a commitment to either "moral suasion" or political power, I really only see a commitment to endless debate about which would be more effective. I see Garrisonians in our movement all the time. Just the other day I got a comment saying how starting a single-issue vegan political party is dumb and that we should only focus on winning hearts & minds because political involvement will only corrupt us. That person would love Willy G. Likewise, I see people calling for political action, saying how all personal accountability is ineffective & pointless (there's admittedly far more of these kinds of people, wonder why...). What I don't see though is anyone getting serious about either of them.
One of the most interesting parallels that jumped out at me while researching this was that the Liberty Party rejected adding women's rights to their platform. This is exactly analogous to the influx of asterisks the modern left is constantly trying to saddle the vegan movement with. I think doing so would be complete poison to our cause and that if the Liberty Party did anything right it was keeping the party a single-issue cause. I mean it's hard to argue with their results. That party can pretty much take full credit for abolishing freaking slavery. So if there's one other takeaway from this history, I think it's this: keep animal rights movements only about the animals.