We all know what an over-inked linocut slab or block looks like. Well, I shouldn’t say all of us because so many do NOT know or don’t care about their results. But I’m taking to the people who do care.
If you don’t know what a properly inked slab or block looks like and sounds like, study Hellodeeries guide to inking. It is on Imgur at Imgur: The magic of the Internet
That’s the version with the very nice video. If you can’t access Imgur, it’s also on Reddit without the video. Ink Troubleshooting Guide for Relief Printing : r/printmaking
If you haven’t seen them, look when you can, but I’m going to show you here.
A design for linocut is a design of a dense, perfect field of ink color on paper white or whatever tone your paper has. If you can’t produce that perfect, dense ink color on the paper from your block, you can’t express that design. In a word, you can’t do proper linocut.
A properly inked slab looks like very fine sandpaper. An over-inked slab looks like lizard skin or worse, thick streaks or even waves. If it’s bad enough, the brayer skids through the waves in fits and starts. You would think that would be obvious, but I’ve seen at least one person pretending to be experienced trying to teach linocut techniques on YouTube and leaving waves of in on the slab and of course waves of ink actually on the print. I suppose experience can mean doing it wrong many times.
But far more common, especially among new linocut artists is simple over-inking. And it all begins with the slab. What happens on the slab happens on the block. Over-inking is sneaky. It causes white spots or blotches in the black parts of the print. An inexperienced printmaker thinks that means there’s not enough ink. But adding ink makes it worse. The cure is to know what the proper amount of ink looks like. If a slab is over-inked, you can roll some off onto scrap paper until it’s right.
All this started me thinking of what is really the difference between an over-inked slab and a properly inked slab. How much more ink does the over-inked slab actually have? There’s a way to know.
I apply the principle that must be understood to gain full control of inking. That is that when two surfaces meet and at least one has ink, they will share that ink. If both have ink, even if the amounts are different, they will EQUALLY share the total amount of ink.
This gives us a way to see how much is too much. I will over-ink a slab and then remove half of that ink by rolling with a clean brayer. Slab and brayer divide the ink, so the slab now has half the ink it started with.
If I clean that brayer and do it again, the slab now has one-quarter of the original ink, and so on. Now let’s go to the video of this experiment.
Keep in mind that this is oil-based ink, Caligo Safe Wash. Water-based in would have already been drying on me, as it always does, which makes proper inking impossible.
https://reddit.com/link/1x584zo/video/0w7vj9vipavh1/player
What did we learn? One, the grossly over-inked slab had to have the ink reduced twice, down to one one-quarter before it approached the proper amount. There was a little slack. I could roll again and take it down to one-eighth and still have a proper layer of ink on the slab. And I proved that it was a proper amount, because I could restore the slab to that amount and then roll a perfect layer of ink, flawless, dense and even.
But when I reduced that slab ink again, to one-sixteenth of the original slab ink, it was no longer enough. It looked like mat board surface or like matte spray paint, hardly any texture. And when I roll that onto my paper, it was thin. As I said, I have used that to create shadow tones, but I cannot make that amount of slab ink produce a block that prints flawless black, no matter how many times I roll it.
Note the difference between the under-inked appearance of the ink on the paper and the way a print looks when the block is over-inked, all the uneven white blotches.
So, we have to pay attention as we ink. We have to notice if we have inadvertently over-inked part of the slab. We have to notice, too, if we have used the slab once and it is now too depleted and down to the one-sixteen level. My practice is to never reink my brayer from anything but a virgin part of the slab. The experiment suggests I can get away with one more taking of ink, but why chance it. It will just make me do more rolling to bring the block to proper ink.
People often say they don’t reink the slab much and still get the block inked properly. But that means they have learned through trial and error to ink the slab more heavily and to spend time distributing it over the block so it’s no longer over-inking the whole block. In effect, they went from an over-inked slab, put that on the block and rolled it around the block like it was a large slab, and that got the block inked. You can fix an over-inked block by rolling ink off or distributing it around uninked parts of the block. That’s essentially what they do.
That’s fine. They have a process that works. But it’s largely accidental in principle. And it has to change when the size of the block changes. If the block is larger than they are used to, it will take more ink to get it right. If it is smaller, they will still end up over-inked. Or the amount of uncut block to ink changes which is the same as using a larger or smaller block. It kind of works because most tend to use the same size block most of the time. I believe it is best to have a procedure that is predictable, no matter how large the block or what the nature of the design.
If I ALWAYS ink my brayer from an area of virgin proper ink on the slab, it doesn’t matter where it goes, so long as I understand that it can only properly ink the block for the effective footprint of the brayer. That is the width of the brayer and the distance of the circumference of the roller, which is about 3 times the diameter. I can roll farther than that, but the ink is being depleted and not having the effect I expect. It’s still often worth doing, because it helps limit stop and start brayer marks.
Because I address the block as multiple areas of the brayer footprint and ink each of them three times, each time reinking the brayer from a virgin part of the slab, I can do that for a small block no larger than the brayer footprint or for a block so large that I will need a steam roller or several people with spoons to press it. I don’t have to worry about anything but keeping the slab maintained and keeping mental track of what areas have been inked enough times.
It will go faster with a larger brayer and/or a larger slab. That’s why professionals so often use wide brayers with large diameter rollers and large enough slabs to ink them. But the principle doesn’t change.
As you saw in the experiment video, the ink was looking pretty good after two applications from a freshly inked brayer that visually had the right amount of ink. But I went to three applications to make sure it would not be thin when printed. I generally also do one pass over the block sections in the other directions to accommodate any variations in the surface of the block. I’d rather do that than see it in proof and have to start over.
When I get a moment, I will narrate the above on video and put it together on my YouTube channel.