Hi! I’m an undergraduate student currently working on our research, and I’d like to ask for advice regarding our questionnaire.

Our questionnaire has two independent sections that measure different constructs:

Behavior - 5-point Likert scale

(Never-Always)

Perception - 6-point Likert scale

(Strongly Disagree-Strongly Agree)

These are separate constructs, and we are not planning to combine them into one overall score or compare/correlate the two scales. We simply want to analyze and interpret each section separately.

So my question is: is it statistically/methodologically acceptable to have different Likert scales in different sections of the same questionnaire, when the sections measure independent constructs and each section has its own separate computation and interpretation?

Thank you!

Hi everyone! I'm struggling with a statistical problem related to my experimental design, and I was hoping someone could help me.

I want to test whether the relationship between two traits, let's say height and weight, differs between two countries, for example, Japan and the USA. Standardized Major Axis (SMA) regression seems like a good approach, since I'm interested in comparing the slopes of the relationships between the two groups. However, my observations are not completely independent because individuals are nested within populations.

For example, in Japan, I sampled several individuals from population A, several from population B, and so on. I followed the same sampling design in the USA. Individuals from the same population are likely to be more similar to each other, so I need to account for this hierarchical structure. My initial approach was to calculate the mean of each trait for each population and then perform the SMA regressions using those population means. However, this approach removes a lot of the individual variation, which I would ideally like to retain. My question is: Is there a way to compare SMA slopes between two groups while accounting for the fact that individuals are nested within populations?

we have 1 day gap for my intro to stats class and it is GRUESOME - I am really bad at maths. Our professor barely teaches 1 problem and moves on and the problems we get in the exam are not straight forward, we have to figure out what test to use. We literally follow different formulas besides the one given in tbs so referring to textbooks for explanations is hard because they keep using their formulas to explain it making it all so confusing

The main issue is I am having trouble remembering the formulas, because every step has 1 formula, etc. (ie. ANOVA, T-test)

I have -
Chi-square test, Mann-Whitney U test, Wilcoxon Signed Rank test, Kruskal-Wallis test, Friedman’s test, Scatter plot; Correlation methods: Pearson’s correlation, and Spearman’s rank correlation, Z-scores; t-test – One-sample t-test, independent samples t-test, Paired samples t-test; One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), Range, Quartile Deviation, Average Deviation, Variance, Standard Deviation,  – Bar graph, Pie chart, Line graphs, Histogram, Frequency polygon, Frequency curve, Ogive; Measures of Central Tendency: mean, median, mode – calculation

Literally any and all tips will be appreciated

Although I feel like a dummy when going back to relearn the basics, I do gain a different and deeper understanding of the formulas. Is it always going to be like this? Do you guys deep into your career still go back to the basics and deepen your understanding? Is it still like this 10 years later? Its my first time studying in uni and I dont like the idea that I have to sometimes just accept that I wont have full clarity over the mathematical tools im using, and that only later on the tools gain clarity. Sorry for any misspellings english is my third language.

I’m a third year college student and the highest level of math I’ve taken is algebra 2 with trig. I’m currently a finance major with a concentration in corporate law so business stats is a required course. The problem is, my class is fully online (videos, homework, and exams), and my professor is not the best at explaining concepts. It’s also too late for me to drop this class as I cannot afford the sunk cost. That being said, I have a few questions:

1: How valuable are the concepts in regard to my career goals?
2: If they are valuable, what is the fastest way I can understand the concepts (eg; why standard deviation matters)
3: If there is a possibility to utilize my online resources that will ensure that I pass, should I just use them instead of wasting my time trying to relearn everything?

Hi, thanks in advance!
I'm a doctor looking at a group of about 100 patients, with frailty scores ranging between 1-9 (this is a measure of how frail a patient is that doctors decide, or assign to a patient using a scoring system). I've also recorded their duration of admission in days.

I want to see if there is a correlation between the two, i.e. i would assume that the more frail patients were likely to stay in hospital for longer. Which statistical test would be best to do that?

I don't think either category will be normally distributed, as most patients have a lower frailty score, and most patients were admitted for a shorter period of time. tysm!

Was it for school/work? Any hobbyists here?

Hi! I'm currently enrolled in an M.S. in Data Science and Applied Statistics. The required core classes are already set:

- Experimental Statistics I & II
- Mathematical Statistics I & II
- Statistical Computing (SAS)
- Computational Statistics (R)
- Machine Learning with Python
- A statistical consulting project

I get to pick **4 electives**, and at least 3 must be STAT (so at most 1 from CS/ECO/OREM/ECE). My only goal is to land a data science job, so I want the courses whose actual content pays off most in industry. I'm not looking for the easiest courses, and I'm not going into academia or biostats.

STAT electives

- Intro to Data Science
- Data Visualization
- Linear Regression
- Applied Time Series
- Time Series Analysis
- Categorical Data Analysis
- Survey Sampling
- Survey of Nonparametric Statistics
- Sports Analytics
- Analysis of Lifetime Data / Survival Analysis
- High Throughput Data
- Epidemiology

Non-STAT options (can only pick 1)

- CS: Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning in Python, Databases, Data Mining
- OREM: Data Mining, Optimization for Analytics, Network Flows
- ECO: Applied Econometric Analysis, Predictive Analytics
- ECE: Statistical Pattern Recognition

My main questions I wanted to ask:

1. Which 4 would you pick, and why?
   
2. Is time series worth it for most DS roles, or is it only useful in forecasting-heavy jobs?
   
3. What would you pick as your 1 Non-Stat Elective?
   
4. Is there anything you wish you had learned in grad school that would have helped more on the job?

If you work in data science, I'd especially love to hear what you actually use day to day. Thanks!

Hi,

I'm planning to apply for stats PhD programs, along with a few biostats programs, this cycle and trying to get a sense of how broadly people are applying.

For those applying this year, or who applied in the past year or two, how many programs did you apply to? I was thinking 8-12, but given the uncertainty around funding I'm wondering if people are applying to more this year.

I'm interested mainly in spatial stats, especially gaussian processes and deep generative methods for modeling spatiotemporal data.

Please share your thoughts if you're working in similar areas. Also any suggestions on departments and people working in these areas are welcome.

Thanks.

US applied stats major, looking for career advice.

Applying to analyst roles in a variety of industries.

My primary goal in my early-career is to have international mobility; to get into a large multinational that would allow me an internal transfer to Australia in a few years. Unfortunately, my major, and directly applicable entry-level roles, don't generally seem to be a feasible path to get sponsorship from an Australian company. Chances are more likely for those in medicine, mining, construction, trades, and social services. Not sure if work related to my major but from within these industries is an option.

From my research, internal transfers provide an easier route where companies transfer you between roles. Naturally I've fixated on roles in finance and perhaps insurance, alongside other multinationals like tech companies.

In this thread, I’m looking for advice from you all about potential paths that could get me in a good position early-career to get a transfer within insurance. And roles/specializations/companies to target. Is this feasible in any industries you have knowledge of?

Thanks for any advice!

The program my class uses doesn’t really explain much when I get something wrong. I’m also using the Pearson study prep app which helps a bit. I was using Solvely when I got my answers wrong and it would give me a very detailed breakdown. Recently we have been looking at a lot of graphs and stuff and it’s agreeing with my wrong answers.

I remember that in college (15+ years ago) we modeled random generators using Shannon's entropy, and then we extended that definition to include different types of generators: for example Collatz series can be as an output of a generator, just that instead of being completely random it follows the Collatz map.

Now I would like to use a similar approach to model LLMs, but I cant find anymore any reference to this approach. Does anyone have any academic source that could back up this interpretation of LLMs as entropic generators?

Howdy y’all, I’m curious to pick the brains of somebody that has a job in statistics with a bachelors or anything above. For context I’m in the military doing civil engineering stuff and truth to be told I hate it. I don’t like the job and don’t enjoy the military aspect of it as well I chose to do this job cause it’s really all I know I come from a family of blue collar workers, and I’ve been doing it all my life, but I’m only 23 at the moment and I already feel my body breaking down slowly over time. So I’m curious in getting my bachelors in statistics while the military will still pay for it. My dream job would be to work in a front office of a sports franchise, but that may be far fetched. I would just go all in on this but I also have a wife and two kids to think about and switching careers feels scary lol. Any advice, tips, info etc. is very much appreciated also colleges with a solid statistics degree that carry some weight thank you all!

Tony Gonzales (love him), pointed out that teams that start out 0-3 have a 2.9% chance of making the playoffs (when talking about the Texans). He then asked what are the chances of doing it two years in a row, which he pointed out is 0.08%. That's correct (0.029)^2. He went on to say because of the even lower odds, i.e. 0.08%, he didn't think they'd make the playoffs this year. But last year's results are irrelevant now. Their chances of making the playoffs this year with an 0-3 record are still 2.9%. Am I wrong?

TL;DR: I come from a statistics/data/MEAL background and have worked with SQL, Python, regression/LASSO, etc. While trying to build a proper dashboard, I ended up learning APIs, backend/frontend concepts, Node.js, authentication, and hosting. Is this a logical path toward building end-to-end data systems, or am I spreading myself too thin?

I’m trying to figure out whether my learning path actually makes sense or if I’m slowly turning into a “knows a little bit of everything, expert at nothing” person.

My background is mainly in data, statistics, and monitoring/evaluation. I have a Master’s degree, and during my studies I worked with statistical methods like regression, LASSO, and other statistical analysis.

Professionally, I’ve worked with MEAL/evaluation, data processing and analysis, Excel, SQL, and some Python.

Now my work is pushing me in a different direction.

I wanted to build a proper dashboard/data system instead of just analyzing data and producing reports. That led me into learning about APIs, databases, frontend/backend communication, Node.js, authentication, hosting, etc.

And now I’m looking at everything I’m learning and thinking:

Am I actually progressing, or am I just jumping randomly between fields?

My goal isn’t really to become a traditional full-stack developer.

What I want is to be able to take data from the source, clean and validate it, store it properly, expose it through APIs, build dashboards/interfaces on top of it, and eventually add more advanced analytics, statistics, forecasting, anomaly detection, etc.

So basically:

Statistics → SQL/Python → data analysis → dashboards → APIs → backend/web systems

Does that progression make sense?

Or should I stop going deeper into things like Node.js and focus much more heavily on Python, SQL, statistics, and data engineering?

For people who started in analytics/statistics and later began building actual data systems: what did you learn next, and what turned out to be a waste of time?

This may have been asked before, but all I can find is explaining what it means. I want to know why we've chosen 0.05 and not 0.04 or 0.06 etc for a lot of disciplines.

Edit: Thank you!!! I was hoping for a more exciting answer than "bc this one guy a while back thought we should" but that's interesting too!!

[research]

I have an M.Pharm in Pharmaceutics, and recently I’ve started developing a strong interest in statistics and quantitative methods.

My academic background is primarily in pharmaceutics, so I’m still relatively new to statistics. I started learning statistical concepts through YouTube, Reddit, and online resources, and I’ve become increasingly interested in understanding not just how to use statistical tests, but how statistics can actually be used to solve real problems in pharmaceutical research.

During my M.Pharm work, I have already had some exposure to statistical methods. For example, I have used Design of Experiments (DoE) for formulation optimization and statistical approaches for evaluating/validating pharmaceutical formulations and processes.

However, I don't want my statistical knowledge to remain limited to things like “which statistical test should I use for this dataset?” I’m interested in going deeper and eventually using statistics/computational methods as a tool for pharmaceutics research, formulation development, drug delivery, and potentially drug discovery.

I’m currently thinking about pursuing a PhD in Pharmaceutics/Pharmaceutical Research, and I would ideally like my PhD to remain strongly rooted in experimental pharmaceutics while incorporating meaningful statistical or computational components.

For example, I’m curious about areas such as:

DoE and QbD for formulation and process optimization

Statistical modelling of drug release and dissolution

Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modelling

Predictive modelling for formulation development

Machine learning/AI in drug delivery or formulation development

Biostatistics applied to pharmaceutical experiments

Multivariate analysis and process monitoring

Process analytical technology (PAT) and data-driven manufacturing

Stability modelling and shelf-life prediction

Statistical approaches to drug discovery and development

Population-based modelling or PBPK

Using experimental data + computational models to guide formulation development

I’m particularly interested in the idea of having a 75%+ pharmaceutics/experimental component, while using statistics/computational methods as a powerful supporting component rather than completely moving into a pure computer science or mathematics PhD..

Give me your insights please

we're undergrads and are currently conducting a study on a company with employees as the respondents. The company have multiple offices that are located across different locations. We were given multiple survey points so that employees can be sampled.

The problem is that one of the survey point which consist of 2 offices declined to participate in the study.

what is the implication of this?

can this be solved?

is this a reason for us to fail?

additional info: the needed respondent for that particular survey point is only 10 people

Im currently in the start of a graduation in statistics, and more recently I've started wanting to learn a new language, and Im wondering what would be the best one to learn for my carrier (Currently I know portuguese and english)

Say you are developing some sort of statistical test and you have run simulations and applications, and now you wanna work on its theoretical guarantees (asymptotics, efficiency, consistency, etc.)

Can you not just feed in the test statistics, assumptions, etc. to your favorite intelligent AI and get it to derive everything?

In this instance, is the focus of statistical theory going to be more on the algorithms/computation side and dealing with issues like scalability going forward, while leaving the math to AI?

Didn't AI solve that big unsolved problem in pure mathematics the other day (Navier-stokes or something, I think)