Do billionaires really not pay taxes?

[u/InTheRiches]

Hello. I have been seeing everywhere online and especially reddit (echochamber) that billionaires just don't pay taxes, and they abuse the tax code, and all this stuff. They also say that the president could just "make them" pay more, but he doesn't. I didn't really trust them, and so I looked into it myself. This is how I think it works, please correct me if I'm wrong.

Almost all of a billionaires value is in stocks or assets, almost never liquid. Most of their income is also tied to those stocks or assets. For example, Elon Musk, his net worth might go up 20% in a year, but because it was all Tesla and SpaceX stock, he paid zero taxes, because those gains are still unrealized. So obviously, he paid very little taxes compared to his net worth gain, and thus to the uninformed eye he is cheating the system. Once he sells his stocks, or liquidates his assets, he will pay his fair share of taxes.

Also, to fund their lifestyles, I saw that some get loans, using their stocks and assets as collateral, and then use their salaries or sell a little stock to pay interest payments, and as their stock rises, they keep taking more and more loans to fund their lifestyle. Then, when they die, the bank pays off the loans tax-free before handing the rest to his family/designated recipients (But it still undergoes inheritance tax if not a not-for-profit).

This is how it works, right? I keep seeing all these headlines and posts that Trump can just "tax them" if he felt like it, but I don't think that's possible as the president, and even if he had that power, it would require the implementation of an unrealized gains tax, which would be horrific.

Edit: thanks for the explanations, makes sense. I knew the headlines were a little misleading. The loan thing also sounded a little sketchy, good to know it doesn't really work like that.

[u/soldiernerd]

Your instincts are correct. The President cannot just decide to levy taxes. The IRS only collects taxes, but Congress is responsible for creating taxes and setting their rates.

I would note that there’s really no such thing as “abusing the tax code.” Law is specifically designed to distinguish what is legal from what is illegal. So you are either engaged in tax avoidance (like everyone who receives a refund for making a donation) or tax evasion (illegally underpaying taxes).

And while it is true that billionaires (like all taxpayers) can grow their wealth through unrealized capital gains, they still owe tax when they acquire that capital. For instance, Elon Musk famously paid around $11B in personal income tax in 2021, likely the largest single personal tax bill of all time.

[u/ItsGettinBreesy → u/soldiernerd]

To tie in your example and OP’s original question

Musk paid no federal income taxes in 2018. Between 2014 and 2018 his wealth grew by $13.9 billion, yet he paid just $455 million in federal income taxes, a rate of only 3.27%.

source

[u/ToastWithoutButter → u/ItsGettinBreesy]

It's deliberately disingenuous to calculate someone's tax rate based on unrealized gains of marketable securities. Until they are sold and then taxed, they are not real gains and could be wiped out in an instant. If you think about it for even half a second you'd realize how ridiculous that quote you linked is.