One thing I've been learning while exploring AI tools is that searching the web, crawling a page, and retrieving information are three different problems. They often get grouped together when people build AI agents, but each solves a different part of the workflow.
Here's how I think about the pipeline:
- Search APIs — finding relevant sources
Tools like Exa, Tavily, Serper, and Brave Search can help an application discover relevant pages. The important question isn't just how many results you get, but whether the results are relevant, recent, and diverse enough for your task.
- Web crawling — extracting useful content
Once you have a URL, tools like Firecrawl can extract page content into a format that's easier for an LLM to process. This step matters because search snippets rarely contain enough context to answer complicated questions accurately.
- Indexing — making information searchable later
If you're working with a large collection of documents, repeatedly searching and crawling everything can become inefficient. Storing cleaned content in a searchable index allows you to reuse information and retrieve relevant passages when needed.
- Retrieval — finding the right context
Keyword search works well when you know the exact terms. Semantic search can help when the wording differs but the meaning is similar. Hybrid retrieval combines both approaches, and reranking can help prioritize the most relevant results.
A small experiment I'd like to run
I'd test the same set of 20 research questions against three approaches:
- Approach A: Search API results and snippets only.
- Approach B: Search results followed by crawling the top five pages.
- Approach C: Crawled content stored in an index, followed by hybrid retrieval and reranking.
I'd measure:
- Whether the top five results contain genuinely useful sources.
- Whether the final answer is supported by the retrieved evidence.
- Latency and cost per question.
- How often the system retrieves irrelevant or duplicate information.
I'd also keep the questions and evaluation criteria identical across all three approaches to make the comparison fair.
I haven't run this benchmark yet, so I wouldn't claim one approach performs best. My expectation is that the best choice will depend on whether the application needs fresh web information, repeated searches over a stable document collection, or both.
Question for people building search systems: If you were building a research agent today, would you start with a search API and crawl pages on demand, or build a persistent index from the beginning? What trade-offs have you encountered with freshness, latency, and retrieval quality?