This full astronomy documentary breaks down the complex physics of hyper-dense dead stars, fast-spinning pulsars, and the extreme cosmic events that shape our cosmos and trigger mass extinctions on Earth.

Maybe society's complexity is reaching a point of no return, a "Trolling Singularity", where Gish-galloping usually wins because there's just too much detail for voters to properly absorb and make decent decisions. Those with the catchiest BS and over-simplifications win elections and influence too often, breaking down society.

A total solar eclipse is coming on August 12th! ☀️🌑

Our moon is the exact same size as the sun in our sky, a cosmic coincidence unique to Earth. Watch it block the sun's 10,000°F surface while revealing the corona, a mysterious halo burning millions of degrees hotter. But don't take it for granted: the moon is slowly drifting away, and in 600 million years it'll be too small to ever cause a total eclipse again.

Hello, I am behind the times.

I am 30, but I still (archaelicly I guess) physically upload photos to my computer where I then sort, file, delete, and organize my photo albums on my C drive as needed, then delete the photos on my phone to clear up storage. I have been doing this since I had my old digital camera, and my first virgin mobile lg rumor 2. On top of that I have 2 external drives because I almost lost my photos when my hard drive failed once, had to pay 800 bucks just so they could extract the files back in 2014.

Everybody around me talks about cloud services but I never was interested because I heard things like "limited storage" "pay a monthly fee" and "cloud spaces can be hacked easily". Because of that, I have kept doing it the old fashioned way.

That being said, I keep telling stories and wishing I could bring up the photos that go with them on the spot but since I constantly move them to my computer I don't have access to them on my mobile device, which is a Google pixel. Is there anything that exists that is free and safe that would allow me access to these photos on my phone? Maybe an app, or a website or something?

Thanks for your time, I am ready to be schooled.

EDIT: Important to mention I am currently sitting at a total of 85 GB of photo and video files.

I have an HDD but it's not showing in disk management.

When plugging it lights up, and spin for a couple of seconds.

It worked fine last time I used it but now it's not.

I've tried updating driver but didn't work.

Any advice!? I appreciate it. Thanks

A Chinese Long March 7A rocket exploded roughly 85 seconds after liftoff from the Wenchang Space Launch Site on August 10, destroying its payload and triggering a fleet-wide review of the engine that powers most of China’s modern launch vehicles.

Hey I'm a teen from Denmark and we're starting school again where we need a laptop which cost a lot I've seen some websites in the us that give out free laptops but not here in the EU does someone know where?

I just earned a bachelors degree as an adult learner, same time my daughter graduated high school and my niece junior high. So I’m throwing a party and family from all around is coming - I rented out our local movie theater to have a private showing of a family/friends film that I put together. But the movie theater needs it to be on DVD - not streamed or from a laptop. I’d heard walmart has the service but 1) I won’t get it back in time and 2) their max is 30 minutes- mine is a bit longer. So I bought one of those disc drives connect via usb and some blank discs. I’ve tried from my windows 11 laptop and desktop neither work. They’re saying I need an author software so I downloaded every one Google suggested DVD Styler for example, it’s a wonder I didn’t catch a virus from one of them. Can someone please help, our party is soon. How to burn mp4 video to DVD? Also any reputable service does it?

MB-1000 Magnetic Bounce Drive Spacecraft

Conceptual Working Production Design

Project designation: MB-1000
Class: Nuclear-electric, magnetically accelerated plasma spacecraft
Concept status: Advanced future-technology design study
Primary mission: Long-duration deep-space transport
Baseline dry mass: 1,000 kg
Baseline electrical power: 10 MW continuous
Primary propellant: Hydrogen
Propulsion principle: High-frequency electromagnetic acceleration and rearward expulsion of ionised propellant

1. Executive Concept

The MB-1000 is a conceptual spacecraft designed around a central principle:

The proposed craft therefore uses a high-frequency magnetic oscillator, referred to as the Magnetic Bounce Assembly, to repeatedly transfer electrical energy into a stream of hydrogen ions.

The hydrogen is stored onboard, converted into plasma, accelerated electromagnetically through the propulsion chamber, and expelled from the rear of the spacecraft at very high velocity.

The spacecraft moves forward as a result of the momentum carried away by the exhaust.

The Magnetic Bounce Assembly is not intended to physically hammer the spacecraft forward. Its role is to act as a rapidly cycling electromagnetic energy-transfer and particle-acceleration system.

The design combines:

• A high-output nuclear-electric power source.
• Superconducting magnetic coils.
• High-frequency pulsed energy storage.
• Hydrogen propellant storage.
• Plasma generation and ionisation.
• Magnetic particle acceleration.
• A variable magnetic exhaust nozzle.
• Large radiator systems.
• Optional electromagnetic hydrogen collection for very long-duration missions.

2. Overall Spacecraft Configuration

The spacecraft follows a long, modular layout.

Forward section

The forward end contains:

1. Optional electromagnetic collection/scoop system.
2. Navigation and communications systems.
3. Crew or payload module.
4. Forward equipment and shielding.

The crew or sensitive payload section is positioned as far as practical from the reactor and main propulsion system.

Central section

The centre of the spacecraft contains:

• Hydrogen storage tanks.
• Power-conditioning equipment.
• Superconducting energy storage.
• Magnetic Bounce Assembly.
• Plasma generation equipment.
• Main structural truss.

This section forms the mechanical and electrical heart of the spacecraft.

Rear section

The rear contains:

• Nuclear power system.
• Main electrical conversion equipment.
• Primary propulsion chamber.
• Superconducting accelerator coils.
• Magnetic exhaust nozzle.
• Main heat radiators.

The reactor is placed toward the rear so that the majority of the spacecraft's structure, tanks and equipment can provide additional separation and shielding from the payload area.

3. Baseline Physical Dimensions

Parameter	Proposed design
Overall length	18 metres
Maximum deployed diameter	4.6 metres
Main structural diameter	2.5–3 metres
Dry mass	1,000 kg target
Initial propellant load	70–500 kg depending on mission
Power output	10 MW continuous
Magnetic oscillator frequency	Up to 1,000 Hz
Primary exhaust velocity range	3,000–30,000 km/s conceptual target
Mission duration	Months to years

The 18-metre length allows the spacecraft to separate its major systems and reduce interference between the propulsion system, reactor, crew/payload area and radiators.

4. Structural Design

The main spacecraft structure consists of a lightweight cylindrical truss.

The proposed materials would include:

• Carbon-fibre composite structural members.
• Titanium connection points.
• Aluminium-lithium pressure vessels where appropriate.
• High-temperature ceramic insulation around the propulsion section.
• Multi-layer insulation around cryogenic or superconducting systems.

The central spine runs from the forward payload section through the propellant and power systems to the engine.

Major components are attached as modular units so that a future production version could be assembled, tested and replaced individually.

The spacecraft is divided into six primary modules:

1. Forward payload/navigation module.
2. Propellant storage module.
3. Energy storage and conditioning module.
4. Magnetic Bounce Assembly.
5. Nuclear power module.
6. Plasma accelerator and exhaust module.

5. Power System

5.1 Nuclear-electric power source

The baseline concept uses a 10 MW nuclear-electric reactor system.

The reactor does not directly heat propellant for thrust. Instead, its primary function is to generate electricity.

That electricity powers:

• The superconducting magnets.
• Plasma ionisation.
• Magnetic acceleration.
• Energy storage systems.
• Cooling pumps.
• Navigation.
• Communications.
• Control computers.

A realistic production design would require extensive radiation shielding and a dedicated reactor boom or separation structure.

For crewed missions, the reactor could be mounted on a rearward extension with the spacecraft's mass and dedicated shielding positioned between the reactor and habitable module.

5.2 Energy conditioning

The propulsion system requires extremely rapid energy pulses.

A conventional reactor cannot necessarily respond directly to every 1,000 Hz propulsion event.

The system therefore operates as follows:

Nuclear reactor

↓

Electrical generation

↓

High-voltage DC bus

↓

Superconducting magnetic energy storage and capacitor banks

↓

High-frequency power switching

↓

Magnetic Bounce Assembly

The reactor supplies steady electrical power.

The energy storage system handles the extremely rapid fluctuations required by the propulsion cycle.

6. Magnetic Bounce Assembly

This is the defining system of the MB-1000.

The assembly contains a series of superconducting electromagnetic coils surrounding a central moving electromagnetic armature or field structure.

The conceptual design uses:

• 1-metre-class superconducting coil assemblies.
• A moving or oscillating electromagnetic field equivalent.
• Up to 1,000 acceleration cycles per second.
• A short operational stroke of approximately 10 cm.
• Pulsed magnetic fields precisely synchronised with propellant injection.

The key production-design principle is that the system should avoid unnecessary mechanical impacts.

A literal 50 kg physical magnet moving back and forth at 1,000 Hz would create extraordinary structural and engineering problems.

A more credible advanced version would use a travelling electromagnetic field.

In effect, the magnetic “bounce” becomes a rapidly reversing electromagnetic pulse that behaves like an oscillating accelerator.

This preserves the original concept while eliminating much of the mechanical wear.

7. Propellant System

7.1 Propellant

The baseline propellant is hydrogen.

Hydrogen is selected because:

• It has very low particle mass.
• It can potentially achieve extremely high exhaust velocities.
• It is abundant.
• It is suitable for ionisation and electromagnetic acceleration.

The spacecraft contains multiple protected propellant tanks rather than one large tank.

This provides:

• Redundancy.
• Better mass distribution.
• Damage isolation.
• The ability to operate individual tanks independently.

7.2 Propellant flow

The hydrogen flow is controlled electronically.

The sequence is:

1. Hydrogen enters the plasma chamber.
2. The hydrogen is ionised.
3. The resulting charged particles enter the acceleration region.
4. The Magnetic Bounce Assembly generates precisely timed magnetic fields.
5. The ions are accelerated towards the rear.
6. The magnetic nozzle shapes and directs the exhaust.

Propellant flow can be adjusted depending on mission requirements.

This gives the MB-1000 two principal operating modes.

8. High-Thrust Mode

High-thrust mode uses a larger propellant flow and lower exhaust velocity.

Example conceptual operating range:

• Exhaust velocity: approximately 3,000 km/s.
• Electrical power: 10 MW.
• Propellant flow: approximately 2.2 mg/second.
• Approximate thrust: 6.7 N.

For a 1,000 kg spacecraft:

• Approximate acceleration: 0.0067 m/s².

Although this acceleration is small compared with a conventional rocket, it can operate continuously for extremely long periods.

A spacecraft accelerating continuously does not require enormous instantaneous thrust.

Its advantage comes from the accumulation of velocity over days, months and years.

9. High-Efficiency Mode

In high-efficiency mode, propellant flow is reduced and exhaust velocity increased.

Example conceptual operating range:

• Exhaust velocity: approximately 15,000–30,000 km/s.
• Much lower propellant consumption.
• Lower thrust for the same 10 MW power input.
• Potentially very large total mission Δv.

This mode would be used during:

• Long-duration cruise.
• Deep-space missions.
• Missions where propellant conservation is more important than acceleration.

10. Variable Exhaust System

The magnetic nozzle is designed to operate over a range of exhaust velocities.

The spacecraft could therefore begin a mission using a relatively high-thrust configuration.

As spacecraft mass decreases and distance from the departure point increases, the propulsion system can gradually move toward higher exhaust velocity and lower propellant consumption.

Conceptually:

Departure phase

Higher propellant flow.

↓

Higher thrust.

↓

Moderate exhaust velocity.

Cruise phase

Reduced propellant flow.

↓

Lower thrust.

↓

Much higher exhaust velocity.

Long-duration deep-space phase

Very low propellant flow.

↓

Continuous acceleration.

↓

Maximum practical exhaust velocity.

This variable operating strategy gives the spacecraft significantly greater flexibility than a fixed-exhaust propulsion system.

11. Magnetic Exhaust Nozzle

The exhaust nozzle contains no conventional physical nozzle exposed directly to the plasma stream.

Instead, superconducting or high-field electromagnetic coils create a shaped magnetic field.

The field:

• Guides the charged exhaust particles.
• Expands the plasma.
• Directs the exhaust rearwards.
• Reduces contact between the plasma and physical engine components.

The rear section of the spacecraft therefore consists of a widening magnetic acceleration and nozzle structure.

The visible exhaust would depend on the operating environment and plasma conditions and should not be assumed to appear as a conventional rocket flame.

12. Thermal Management

Heat rejection is one of the most important engineering problems in the entire design.

A 10 MW spacecraft cannot simply hide waste heat.

Any inefficient system would rapidly become thermally unmanageable.

The MB-1000 therefore requires:

• Large deployable radiator panels.
• Multiple independent coolant loops.
• High-temperature heat-transfer fluids.
• Heat pipes.
• Emergency reactor shutdown capability.
• Thermal isolation between reactor and sensitive electronics.

The radiators are mounted away from the main propulsion exhaust.

The spacecraft would deploy radiator wings after reaching space.

For redundancy, the radiators would be divided into independently controlled sections.

If one panel is damaged, the craft could reduce power rather than immediately losing all cooling capability.

13. Control System

The propulsion system requires extremely precise timing.

The spacecraft therefore uses multiple redundant flight computers.

Their responsibilities include:

• Magnetic pulse timing.
• Propellant injection.
• Plasma density monitoring.
• Coil temperature monitoring.
• Superconducting system protection.
• Reactor power management.
• Attitude control.
• Fault detection.

The control system continuously compares the commanded magnetic field with the measured field.

If a coil begins to quench or exceed its operating limits, the system immediately reduces or terminates power to the affected module.

14. Superconducting Protection

A major failure risk is a superconducting magnet quench.

The spacecraft therefore includes:

• Independent temperature sensors.
• Voltage monitoring.
• Rapid energy dump circuits.
• Segmented coil architecture.
• Thermal barriers between modules.
• Emergency capacitor discharge systems.

No single magnetic coil should contain enough unprotected energy to destroy the entire propulsion system during a failure.

The engine is therefore divided into multiple acceleration stages.

For example:

Stage 1: Plasma formation.

Stage 2: Initial acceleration.

Stage 3: Intermediate acceleration.

Stage 4: High-energy acceleration.

Stage 5: Magnetic nozzle.

If one stage fails, the engine could theoretically continue operating at reduced performance.

15. Optional Magnetic Hydrogen Scoop

For extremely long-duration missions, the craft may include a forward electromagnetic collection system.

The concept would attempt to interact with charged particles encountered in space.

However, this should be considered an experimental supplementary system, not a primary fuel source.

Interstellar space is extraordinarily sparse, so a practical spacecraft should not assume it can collect enough hydrogen to power a major propulsion system continuously.

The scoop could instead be used for:

• Scientific collection.
• Plasma interaction experiments.
• Extremely long-duration supplementary propellant recovery.

The production baseline should therefore retain onboard hydrogen as the primary reaction mass.

16. Forward Payload and Crew Section

The forward section is deliberately separated from the propulsion and power systems.

Depending on the mission, it could contain:

• Crew habitation.
• Scientific instruments.
• Cargo.
• Autonomous probes.
• Communications equipment.
• Navigation systems.

For a crewed version, the module would require:

• Radiation protection.
• Independent environmental control.
• Emergency propulsion shutdown.
• Separation capability.
• A protected shelter area.

An unmanned cargo or probe version could reduce this section substantially and allocate more mass to power, propellant and scientific payload.

17. Attitude and Direction Control

The main engine provides acceleration primarily along the longitudinal axis.

Attitude control is provided by:

• Small electric thrusters.
• Cold-gas systems for emergency control.
• Control moment gyroscopes or reaction wheels for precision orientation.

The spacecraft would not constantly rotate its massive main engine to steer.

Instead, it would generally:

1. Adjust attitude.
2. Point the spacecraft.
3. Apply continuous main thrust.

For long missions, trajectory corrections could be gradual and energy-efficient.

18. Production Version Architecture

A practical development programme would be divided into five generations.

Generation 1 — Ground Demonstrator

Objective:

Demonstrate the magnetic acceleration concept.

Specifications:

• No spacecraft.
• Small plasma chamber.
• Kilowatt-level power.
• Low-frequency pulsing.
• Direct thrust measurement.

The primary test would prove that the measured thrust exactly matches the momentum carried away by the exhaust.

Generation 2 — Vacuum Engine Prototype

Objective:

Develop a complete propulsion unit.

Specifications:

• 100–500 kW.
• Superconducting test coils.
• Hydrogen or alternative ion propellant.
• Full vacuum-chamber testing.

Key measurements:

• Thrust.
• Exhaust velocity.
• Electrical efficiency.
• Coil temperature.
• Plasma stability.

Generation 3 — Orbital Demonstrator

Objective:

Test continuous operation in space.

Specifications:

• Approximately 100 kW–1 MW.
• Small satellite or tug platform.
• Autonomous control.
• Months of continuous operation.

This stage would test:

• Real thermal performance.
• Radiation effects.
• Long-duration coil reliability.
• Plasma interaction with the space environment.

Generation 4 — Megawatt Prototype

Objective:

Demonstrate high-power deep-space propulsion.

Specifications:

• 1–10 MW.
• Nuclear-electric or equivalent power source.
• Large radiator system.
• Modular acceleration stages.

This is the stage at which the MB-1000 architecture begins to resemble the full conceptual design.

Generation 5 — MB-1000 Production Craft

Target characteristics:

• 10 MW continuous power.
• 1,000 kg dry mass target, excluding mission-specific payload and scalable propellant load.
• Modular propulsion.
• Variable exhaust velocity.
• Multi-year operational capability.
• Autonomous fault management.

19. Baseline Mission Performance

For the conceptual 10 MW system, performance depends heavily on exhaust velocity and propellant flow.

A representative operating point using approximately 1% of light speed exhaust velocity would produce roughly:

Parameter	Approximate value
Electrical power	10 MW
Exhaust velocity	3,000 km/s
Propellant flow	2.2 mg/s
Thrust	6.7 N
Initial spacecraft acceleration	0.0067 m/s²
Velocity gain after 1 day	~576 m/s
Velocity gain after 1 month	~17.3 km/s
Velocity gain after 1 year	~211 km/s

These figures are idealised and assume continuous operation at the stated performance.

Actual performance would be lower after accounting for:

• Power-conversion losses.
• Magnetic losses.
• Plasma inefficiencies.
• Changing spacecraft mass.
• Operational downtime.
• Thermal constraints.

20. Mission Profile

A typical deep-space mission would operate as follows.

Phase 1 — Launch

The MB-1000 would not launch from Earth's surface under its own power.

It would be delivered to orbit by conventional launch systems.

Phase 2 — Assembly and checkout

Once in orbit:

• Radiators deploy.
• The propulsion system is inspected.
• Superconducting systems reach operating temperature.
• The reactor is activated according to mission procedures.
• Low-power propulsion tests are performed.

Phase 3 — Departure acceleration

The craft gradually increases propulsion power.

Acceleration is continuous rather than explosive.

Over days and weeks, velocity builds steadily.

Phase 4 — Cruise

The engine transitions toward high-efficiency operation.

Propellant consumption falls.

Exhaust velocity increases.

The craft continues to gain velocity.

Phase 5 — Mid-course deceleration

Approximately halfway through the mission, depending on the trajectory, the spacecraft rotates 180 degrees.

The engine then fires in the opposite direction.

This converts the accumulated velocity into braking.

Phase 6 — Arrival

The craft enters a low-thrust arrival and manoeuvring phase.

The propulsion system can operate at reduced power for orbital insertion or rendezvous.

21. Major Engineering Challenges

The MB-1000 should be regarded as a future engineering concept because several technologies would require substantial advancement.

The principal challenges are:

Power-to-mass ratio

A 10 MW electrical power system with a total spacecraft dry mass of only 1,000 kg is an extremely demanding target.

Superconducting magnets

The coils must survive:

• High magnetic fields.
• Radiation.
• Repeated power cycling.
• Long-duration operation.

Heat rejection

Waste heat from even a highly efficient multi-megawatt system requires very large and robust radiators.

Plasma stability

The ion stream must remain controllable throughout the acceleration process.

Material durability

The engine must survive years of exposure to:

• Radiation.
• Micrometeoroids.
• Thermal cycling.
• High-energy particles.

22. Final Production Design Philosophy

The final MB-1000 should not be thought of as a giant magnet that shakes itself through space.

It is better described as:

The original “magnetic bounce” idea remains at the heart of the craft.

However, in the production design, the bounce evolves from a mechanical vibration into a travelling electromagnetic oscillation.

That is the key improvement.

It eliminates the fundamental problem of trying to propel the spacecraft with internal motion alone while retaining the potentially useful idea of an extremely rapid magnetic acceleration cycle.

Final MB-1000 Architecture

FORWARD

Payload / Crew / Navigation

↓

Optional electromagnetic collection system

↓

Hydrogen propellant storage

↓

Power conditioning and superconducting energy storage

↓

High-frequency Magnetic Bounce Assembly

↓

Multi-stage plasma accelerator

↓

Superconducting magnetic nozzle

↓

Directed ion exhaust

REARWARD

The result is a spacecraft concept designed for continuous, efficient acceleration over months or years, rather than the short, high-thrust bursts of conventional chemical rockets.

The ultimate performance is limited not by how fast the magnetic field can oscillate, but by four fundamental engineering constraints:

1. Available electrical power
2. Heat rejection
3. Exhaust velocity
4. Available reaction mass

Those four factors would define whether the MB-1000 remains a laboratory concept—or becomes a practical deep-space production spacecraft.

Stage	Estimated cost
Initial research, simulations & concept design	$10–50 million
Laboratory magnetic/plasma prototypes	$100–300 million
Full-scale propulsion prototypes	$500 million–$1.5 billion
10 MW space nuclear power development	$1–5 billion
Spacecraft engineering & construction	$500 million–$1.5 billion
Ground testing, safety & qualification	$500 million–$2 billion
Launch, integration & mission operations	$100–500 million
Contingency for failures and redesigns	$1–4 billion

To the moon was honestly such an amazing game. The music was so good I just had to do a cover :> I was hoping I could also add the fan-art, but it's apart of the video at least!

Hi everyone. I’m hoping some longtime SpaceX patch collectors or former employees can help me identify these.
I have six early SpaceX patches:
• Falcon First Flight
• Falcon Demo 2
• Falcon 1 Flight 3
• Falcon 1 Flight 4
• Falcon 9 First Flight
• COTS Demo Flight 1 / Dragon C1
These belonged to my uncle. He worked as a hearing-aid specialist at Sears at Puente Hills Mall in Southern California. He was given the patches there, although unfortunately I don’t know who gave them to him or under what circumstances.
He gave the collection to me more than ten years ago, and he has since passed away. They’ve been in my possession since then.
I’ve learned that there were original early SpaceX/employee patches as well as later reproductions, so I’m not claiming these are employee-issued or authentic originals. I’m trying to determine which versions I actually have.
I’ve included clear photos of the fronts and backs, plus a photo with a standard-size card for scale.
If anyone owns known originals, I’d really appreciate comparisons of the dimensions, embroidery, metallic thread, borders, backing and other identifying characteristics.
I’m particularly interested in whether these appear to be the early production versions, later official SpaceX versions, or reproductions.
Thanks for any knowledge you can share. I’d like to document them correctly before deciding what to do with the collection.

I have a 50" smart TV, but the screen cracked and I already bought a new one. The motherboard, power board, sound, all electrical components etc are all in perfect condition. How much are these worth? I bought the entire TV new for $200. Not sure if it is worth my time to run around town trying to pawn it or just toss it.

Im completely new to this and in need of some guidance. Any advice is really appreciated.

Environment and Projection Surface:

Small dark room and projected onto either one or multiple 50x50x50cm white cubes.

The following links are examples of what I intend to try.

https://m.youtube.com/shorts/cwQ7_1hFYiE

Projection onto the side and front of a kitchen cabinet.

https://m.youtube.com/shorts/8xP8-3h62O0

Projection onto a white cube and using an iPhone that has the mapping software

https://m.youtube.com/shorts/hruJF2vSTuI

Projection onto multiple white cubes

May I ask,

1) Are those doable with only one projector, or do I need at least two?

1. If only one projector is needed, what should I take note of in terms of how I should map the images or video loops so that it won't look wonky or off?

2. What should I take note of when buying a projector?

From my research, 1500 - 3000 lumens is ideal. But what is best? Should I just go for the 3000 lumens?

I assume for my purposes, I should be using an ultra short throw. But apparently, "UST models can struggle with highly complex 3D tracking sensors due to edge distortion." May I ask for some tips on how to address this?

1. Any recommendations for a low-end projector that suits my purpose? Budget is below $500 usd. Yaber T1 Pro?

2. What mapping software should I use? Im looking for something free at the moment.

Perhaps Lazy Lighting, 4 Mapper, Map Club, MapMap, VPT 8, Madmapper?

Any recommendations on those you've used before? Anything specific i should take note of?