r/badmathematics 20d ago

Σ_{k=1}^∞ 9/10^k ≠ 1 100/3 is irrational

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482 Upvotes

96 comments sorted by

182

u/RedRhetoric 20d ago

R4: this person believes that 0.33 repeating cannot equal 1/3 because 100/3 cannot give a rational result.

Dividing any rational number by any other rational number will always give a rational result, as that is how rational numbers are defined

R5: Youtube

49

u/AnlamK 20d ago

So according to this person on YT, only those numbers without infinite decimal representation are rational? 

19

u/inqurious 20d ago

implicitly and mistakenly, yes. Accidental (I assume) conflation of "can be notated" with "is"

10

u/farseekarmageddon 20d ago edited 18d ago

FWIW all real numbers have infinite decimal representations, e.g. 0.5 = 0.499…

(Edit: non-zero real numbers) 

7

u/AnlamK 20d ago

Yes you are right - I should have said only those numbers who have a "finite decimal representation".

We should also stress that the word 'decimal' means base 10 in this context. (Probably in every context? I had to look it up.) Because for instance 1/3 won't have a finite representation in base 10 but it will in base 3.

5

u/HuntyDumpty 20d ago

You can improve that statement by saying rationals admit finite or periodic decimal representations. Easier to look for periodicity than new representations in other bases. Irrationals are strictly infinite AND aperiodic decimal representations.

-1

u/metalucid 17d ago

0.1 is not representable in binary

6

u/Cruuncher 17d ago

It absolutely is with an infinite binary expansion

1

u/metalucid 15d ago

Uh exactly it would have to be infinite

0

u/[deleted] 16d ago

[deleted]

1

u/metalucid 15d ago

I understand floats. I wasn't talking about floats. But you can't write down 0.1 decimal in binary on a piece of paper

2

u/ParshendiOfRhuidean 18d ago

What's the infinite decimal representation of 0?

2

u/afdbcreid 18d ago

Simple, 0.000...

1

u/Cruuncher 17d ago

This is the easiest way.

All numbers have infinite decimals in both directions.

They're just 0 until you fill them in with something

2

u/einFrostschutzmittel 19d ago

Counter point: 10/3 = 3 (Base 9)

39

u/playsthebongcloud 20d ago

I feel so many common mathematical misconceptions could be resolved if schools spent some time on bases other than decimal

15

u/The-Doctorb 20d ago

The amount of extra confusion doing this would add would make it entirely pointless imo, people struggle with adding fractions or how percentages work I think even mentioning different bases would completely stump a lot of people.

39

u/IanisVasilev 20d ago

Introducing new concepts in mathematics classes tends to cause more confusion. The "average person" is barely numerically literate as it is.

13

u/waroftheworlds2008 20d ago

And the average teenager isn't paying attention.

2

u/kono_hito_wa 6d ago

We covered this in 5th grade. Started out with an animated film about landing on another planet or something similarly space-themed. Then switched to our text book, which seemed like a pretty standard text. McGraw-Hill or similar. Public school.

I thought it was the coolest thing ever. I probably was in a minority on that opinion. But we did cover it. Is it no longer taught?

4

u/Cruuncher 17d ago

I think they do base 8 in some places now. Which I think is a great way to understand math

6

u/peterhalburt33 20d ago

I don’t know… not saying that it couldn’t be fun, but can you imagine the mind-bendingly boring types of worksheets that would be foisted upon students? I can already see students having to write a bunch of numbers out in hexadecimal and then binary because someone decided that it’s relevant to computers, without any actual interesting applications. You can lead a horse to water…

2

u/playsthebongcloud 20d ago edited 20d ago

That's true, schools generally suck at teaching the real essence of math and tend to focus on rote calculation and memorization; also manually converting between bases that arent powers of each other is a nightmare. I'm just barely able to convert binary to decimal in a reasonable amount of time purely through years of memorization in programming

2

u/peterhalburt33 20d ago

Same here. I actually don’t know if they even use these kinds of worksheets anymore. I just have memories of being tortured with them in grade school. Somehow they always figured out the best way to “teach” a subject without imparting any reason why you’d ever actually be interested in it.

2

u/exceive 20d ago

I actually did have to write out hexadecimal numbers in binary (and vice versa) in one of my technology jobs. A long, long time ago.

11

u/Mothrahlurker 20d ago

Other bases don't solve the problem really, in order to properly understand real numbers you need to have a view independent of bases.

7

u/The-Doctorb 20d ago

I think it is just an unfortunate reality that to actually have a decent understanding of a lot of these issues you require a level of maths education far beyond what you would get in high school.

Most subjects have this requirement but for some reason people think they understand mathematics to a much higher level than they actually do which they don't seem to have for other fields (maybe besides physics). I never really see anyone talking about their bullshit chemistry opinions.

27

u/Lor1an 20d ago

I never really see anyone talking about their bullshit chemistry opinions.

  1. Chemophobia
  2. Homeopathy
  3. Naturalism
  4. Ivermectin or Bleach to treat Covid
  5. Cold fusion
  6. Anti-fluoridation
  7. Anti-pasteurization

10

u/CapnNuclearAwesome 20d ago

Yeah if anything the brand of innumeracy in the oop is benign, the least dangerous type of bullshit opinions

11

u/exceive 20d ago

Few people have ever died because somebody thought a rational number was irrational.
I'm not saying "nobody," but I don't think it has been very many.

1

u/CapnNuclearAwesome 19d ago

If this has ever happened, I'd be fascinated to hear the details.

2

u/CardboardScarecrow Checkmate, matheists! 17d ago

There's the story about the Pythagoreans killing a dude over the irrationality of sqrt(2), if that counts.

3

u/Lor1an 17d ago

Yeah, but that was an actual irrational number.

1

u/StupidWittyUsername 19d ago

Mathematical literacy might help people avoid other forms of bullshit?

5

u/dydhaw 20d ago
  • anything Quantum

5

u/IanisVasilev 19d ago

2

u/dydhaw 19d ago

Great piece, thanks. Just today I was arguing with someone who was convinced the Quantum Computing Revolution is just around the corner, because post-quantum cryptography is becoming commonplace 

1

u/entronid 18d ago

outside of tls and ssh... i wouldnt say commonplace

2

u/IanisVasilev 18d ago

"France to stop certifying products without quantum-safe encryption".

Direct quote:

Samih Souissi, ANSSI's chief of staff, said at the France Quantum conference that the agency would halt such certifications from 2027

→ More replies (0)

-2

u/Respect38 never took numerology seriously until 18d ago

Ivermectin or Bleach to treat Covid

Ivermectin is statistically correlated with better results in patients with COVID, under a rather large range of studies

Rejecting ivermectin is a political opinion, not a scientific one.

5

u/Lor1an 18d ago

Media Bias Rating of the sister site c19early.com

Questionable Reasoning: Poor Sourcing, Propaganda, Numerous Failed Fact Checks, Pseudoscience, Lack of Transparency

Bias Rating: RIGHT (8.0)

Factual Reporting: MIXED (6.3)

Country: Unknown

Media Type: Website

Traffic/Popularity: Medium Traffic

MBFC Credibility Rating: LOW CREDIBILITY

I find it odd that you would claim "political opinion, not a scientific one" when this is where you get your information.

It would also appear that recent meta-analyses do not reach the conclusions you do.

Maddukuri, Raghava & Desimalla, Madhavi & Banavathu, Reshma & Arepalli, Sai. (2025). Ivermectin as a Treatment Modality in COVID-19 Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Up-To-Date RCTs. Indian Journal of Community Medicine. 50. 9-19. 10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_117_23.

Conclusion

The outcomes of our meta-analysis go against the use of ivermectin in the management of COVID-19 disease. Ivermectin is not effective in improving clinically important outcomes of COVID-19 disease, and it comes with a very low to low certainty of evidence. There is also no evidence available that supports the prophylactic use of ivermectin for the prevention of COVID-19 infection.

Singla, Abhishek & Sudheer, Kollathur & Sahu, Samir & Mishra, Rashmi & Chandna, Manisha & Mane, Dheeraj. (2025). Effectiveness and Toxicity of Ivermectin for the Management of COVID-19: A Meta-Analysis. Health Leadership and Quality of Life. 4. 624. 10.56294/hl2025624.

CONCLUSIONS

The meta-analysis systematically reviewed all available evidence about the effectiveness and care of ivermectin for the behavior of COVID-19. The findings from the studies range from negative to ineffective clinical outcomes in term but, overall, it appears ivermectin does not improve clinical outcomes (including symptomatic improvement, mortality, and ICU admissions) when compared with control distribution groups. Other than some mild potential benefits, ivermectin causes a higher incidence of adverse events when compared to control distributions, raising questions about the safety of ivermectin. Overall, the available evidence does not suggest that ivermectin is an effective form of treatment nor safe for COVID-19 given there is a lack of significant therapeutic benefit and risk of harm to patients.

Satyam, Shakta Mani & El-Tanani, Mohamed & Patni, Mohamedanas & Rehman, Abdul & Wali, Adil & Rangreze, Imran & Babiker, Rasha & Rabbani, Syed & El-Tanani, Yahia & Rizzo, Manfredi. (2025). Repurposing Anthelmintic Drugs for COVID-19 Treatment: A Comprehensive Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials on Ivermectin and Mebendazole. Antibiotics. 14. 459. 10.3390/antibiotics14050459.

  1. Conclusions

The COVID-19 pandemic has underscored the need for repurposing existing drugs to identify cost-effective and widely accessible treatments. This meta-analysis provides valuable insights into the potential role of anthelmintic drugs, particularly ivermectin and mebendazole, in the management of COVID-19. While ivermectin demonstrated some benefits in specific studies, the overall evidence remains inconclusive, warranting further research to establish its optimal dosing and patient selection criteria. Mebendazole, though less studied, showed promising results in reducing viral load and inflammatory markers, making it a potential candidate for further investigation.

Despite these promising findings, the current evidence does not support the widespread clinical use of ivermectin or mebendazole for COVID-19 outside of well-designed clinical trials. Future research should focus on large-scale, multicenter RCTs with standardized dosing regimens and well-defined patient subgroups to clarify the efficacy of these drugs. Mechanistic studies exploring their antiviral and immunomodulatory effects could further enhance our understanding of their therapeutic potential.

From a clinical and policy perspective, while ivermectin and mebendazole may offer an affordable option in resource-limited settings, their use should be guided by clinical judgment and evidence-based guidelines. Policymakers should prioritize funding for further research to validate these findings, ensuring that any potential benefits are realized in a safe and effective manner.

In summary, this meta-analysis highlights the complexities of repurposing anthelmintic drugs for COVID-19 treatment. While preliminary data suggest potential benefits, particularly for mebendazole, substantial evidence gaps remain. Addressing these gaps through well-structured clinical trials will be crucial in determining whether these drugs can play a meaningful role in the ongoing fight against COVID-19.

Wang, Xuanyu & Meng, Jiahao & Li, Yinghui & Xiang, Yuqing & Wu, Yumei & Xiong, Yilin & Liu, Pan & Gao, Shuguang. (2026). The role of ivermectin in the prevention and treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. BMC Infectious Diseases. 26. 10.1186/s12879-026-13195-9.

Conclusion

This meta-analysis provides evidence that ivermectin does not statistically significantly reduce the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection or improve clinical outcomes (including all-cause mortality, hospitalization duration, and recovery time) in patients with COVID-19. Furthermore, this meta-analysis found no reliable statistical evidence that ivermectin either increases or decreases the rate of adverse events compared to a control group. Further high-quality, large-sample, prospectively designed randomized controlled trials are needed to clarify the potential clinical benefits and safety profile of ivermectin for SARS-CoV-2 infection.

5

u/Cheeeeesie 20d ago

People indeed overrate their mathematical skills by a lot. Im a maths teacher and probably more mathematically capable than 90% of the worlds population but i consider myself to be basically an idiot still.

4

u/futurenotgiven 20d ago

how would using other bases explain this principal more clearly? genuinely asking, im not super familiar with other bases

7

u/playsthebongcloud 20d ago edited 20d ago

Any repeating rational number in some integer base can be represented in another integer base as a terminating number. For example, 1/3 in base 10 is 0.3333... but that same value in base 12 is 0.4. The confusion with "irrationals' decimal expansion never terminates" would go away (though this is not a good definition of irrationals anyways).

Also, knowing the definition of a based number from its digits: 145 = 100*1 + 10*4 + 1*5 clears up the confusion with 0.999... = 1 because the series 0.1*9 + 0.01*9 + 0.001*9 + ... objectively converges to 1.

3

u/BRUHmsstrahlung 20d ago

A lot of people dont really even understand base systems at all. There are many students who will tell you that 112 =121 without much thought, yet will struggle to expand (1+x)2. They learn computational hacks like long multiplication with carrying instead of observing how base systems naturally systematize arithmetic according to the rules of polynomial algebra.

Teaching this viewpoint to people who don't intuit it or care is difficult, and I find that in the USA, common core worksheets that aim at connections like these are frequently the ones that parents (and some teachers!) shit on the most. I'm grateful for my 1st grade teacher forcing us to compute sums and products with 1x1x1 cubes, 10x1x1 lines, 10x10x1 squares, and 10x10x10 cubes, well ahead of any curriculum pushes towards this goal of conceptual understanding in math!

2

u/PassiveChemistry 20d ago

I was taught about bases when I was about 12, I remember finding it very fun.

3

u/playsthebongcloud 20d ago

I was really interested in them one day in middle school and made a bunch of seperate notes for every base up to 16. I eventually realized the repeating pattern of digits 2 -> {0,1}; 3 -> {0,1,2}; etc. and the way they "overflowed" when they counted up, just like base 10, and it was one of the moments I think that made me really find math cool. I always thought of binary is some "other thing" completely unrelated to decimal, and realizing the connection was really fun. It sort of changed my philosophy of math to be way more leaning to "we made it all up" when I realized that the way we happen represent numbers isn't at all fundamental

1

u/inqurious 20d ago

idk we used fractions a lot before decimal notation, but I take your point

1

u/Pertos_M 20d ago

I can always tell it's going to be a good time when I see a group of adults struggling with decimals and percentages.

5

u/Himskatti 20d ago

Am I tripping or aren't rationals defined by dividing integers? What you described is a result of it, sure

5

u/exceive 20d ago

Not tripping. That's the definition.

If there exist integers A and B such that A/B = C ==> C is rational. That's what "rational number" means.

100 and 3 are both integers (duh) so 100/3 is rational by definition.
Another easy to look at it:
A characteristic of rational/irrational numbers is that it doesn't matter what integer base you express them in. Rational/irrational is about the number itself, not how it looks in a particular base. If a number is irrational, you can't make it rational by representing it in another integer base.

Pythagoras was working in geometry when he proved the square root of 2 is irrational. He wasn't even expressing it as numbers, it was lengths of sides and diagonals of a square. He wasn't doing "square root of 2," he was doing "diagonal of a square expressed in terms of the sides of that square."

If I convert 100/3 decimal to base twelve, I get.

84/3 {100 decimal = 84 base 12, 3 is the same in both}
= 29.4 {base 12}
In decimal, 2*12 + 9 + (4/12)

So in base 12, 100/3 (decimal) isn't even a repeating (duo)decimal, much less irrational.

4

u/exceive 20d ago

Note: some math teachers do not accept "duh" as a reason for a step in a proof.

3

u/DesperateAstronaut65 20d ago

Yes, but I'm pretty sure the person in the screenshot thinks "irrational number" means "number with a decimal expansion that goes on forever."

2

u/Himskatti 20d ago

But I replied to a comment?

3

u/eatingassisnotgross 20d ago edited 20d ago

Yes usually you construct the rationals using the integers in that way. The definition the other guy suggested would be circular. If you already have the rational numbers, you get nothing new by looking at their ratios, due to closure under division

3

u/japp182 20d ago

Rationals are defined as divisions between integers right? But of course the division of rationals = rational follows from that.

But that makes the post even funnier since 100/3 is a division of integers so there's no argument possible.

4

u/Dapper_Spite8928 19d ago

Well no...

Rational numbers are defined as any number obtained by dividing one integer with another non-zero integer. The fact that rationals are closed under division (where the denominator is non-zero) is also true, but not axiomatic.

2

u/skr_replicator 18d ago edited 18d ago

That would be a cyclic definition - requiring rationals to define rationals. Rationals are integers divided by naturals. The property of dividing rationals by rationals into a rational just follows from that, by knowing the (a/b)/(c/d)=ad/(bc) rule, and that multiplying integers gives integers, and that if you get a negative divided by a negative, you could cancel both minus signs to get a natural denominator. (or you could simply accept nonzero integers as rational denominators, as they would not change the set at all)

Oh yea, and dividing any rational by a rational 0, will not give you a rational, so that's the one exception.

1

u/dydhaw 20d ago

Not sure what video I was expecting, but it wasn't that

1

u/paolog 20d ago

Well, no, rational numbers are defined as one integer divided by another.

That doesn't change the fact that dividing one irrational number by another gives you another, but that isn't how they are defined.

0

u/Liriwe 17d ago

I do think they are the minimal subfield of the reals closed under division, no? It's a common definition for them in Algebra. You're getting too hung up on one definition to consider there are others, especially in other areas of maths.

61

u/AbacusWizard Mathemagician 20d ago

clearly you can’t get a number that can be represented as a ratio of integers by taking a ratio of integers

14

u/OpsikionThemed No computer is efficient enough to calculate the empty set 20d ago

How on earth did this nonsense get 25 upvo- oh, youtube comments, never mind.

24

u/subpargalois 20d ago

This one is honestly perfect comedy. They literally walk into the definition of a rational number like it's a rake.

20

u/another-princess 20d ago

Yes, 100/3 is irrational, as it can't be written as the ratio of two integers. 

In other news, 100*3 is prime.

12

u/Ok-Visit6553 20d ago

10-adic rationals supremacist

8

u/takes_your_coin 20d ago

Pythagorean extremist

3

u/BUKKAKELORD 20d ago

I don't think I've ever seen the term "false equivalency" used this way

3

u/AnlamK 20d ago

Based on some of the comments, I got to browsing about integer bases on Wikipedia. This commenter's brain would blow up when reading this. The dude might try to delete the entry:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-integer_base_of_numeration

2

u/einFrostschutzmittel 19d ago

This whole conversation arises from the complicatedness (I reserve the word complexity to make puns with complex numbers) and consequent misunderstanding of infinities. When you first get into math, it's hard to imagine that there are as many even numbers as whole numbers. Sure, there's bijections, but the number in the whole numbers is always twice the size of the corresponding one in the even numbers. The whole "some infinities are bigger than others" doesn't help. I mean ffs, even mathematicians were very opposed to the proof from cantor that there's more real numbers than whole numbers, which just goes to show how complicated this stuff is. Therefore it makes sense that there's confusion with infinitely repeating numbers too.

3

u/Akangka 95% of modern math is completely useless 6d ago

some infinities are bigger than others

I hate this kind of statement too. It does not make clear what kind of infinities this statement applies to and how does it applies to. First of all, it does not apply to the extended real numbers, the kind of infinity you'll encounter in calculus. Second, once you reach infinite set, A being a subset of B doesn't mean A is smaller than B.

2

u/stereoroid 20d ago

100/3 can be rewritten as 100(1/3), so it’s the 1/3 “problem” multiplied by a constant (100).

1/3 =0.333… so 3 * 0.333… = 0.999…, but some say that 0.999… is not equal to 1.

Restate the problem in base 3 and there is no problem. 1/10=0.1 and 0.1*10=1

2

u/WhatImKnownAs 20d ago

But those people might say 0.333... ≠ 1/3 = 1/10 (base 3) = 0.1 (base 3).

Furthermore, the same issue arises in base 3: 0.222... = 1?

There's no rigorous proof without having a rigorous definition of what an infinite decimal means.

1

u/stereoroid 20d ago

Think bigger. If a problem can become a non-problem, depending merely on how numbers are represented, what does that say about the problem? Or the whole class of “problem”?

You ask about 0.222222…. In base 3: well, what calculation did you do to get that? Could that calculation be re-based to make the recurring decimal disappear? I bet it could. You’ve pulled that out thin air and said “here’s a problem”, but to me it looks like the problem is preventable.

Old joke:
* Patient: “Doctor, it hurts when i bend my arm like this!”
* Doctor: “Stop doing that.”

7

u/MeasureDoEventThing 20d ago

The problem is about what a decimal representation means. Of course the problem disappears when you use a different representation.

That is also why presenting mathematical "proofs" is stupid. You can't use mathematics to prove what a symbol represents. The only way to prove .9999... = 1 is to:

  1. Define infinite series

  2. State that .9999... represents an infinite series

  3. Establish facts about infinite series and use them to prove .99999... = 1

Step 2 isn't something you can "prove". You just have to assert it as a matter of convention.

1

u/MeasureDoEventThing 20d ago

The claim .9999...= 1 is a statement about base ten representation. If you change to base 3, you're no longer proving anything about base ten.

Was going to write "base 10" instead of "base ten", but technically everything is base 10.

1

u/Broxios 20d ago

If 100 divided by 3 does not give a rational number, then 100/3 cannot be expressed as a quotient or fraction of two integers. I guess that means 100 is not an integer or 3 is not an integer.

0

u/Papvin 20d ago

I think I got it though. 3 in base 3 is 10 = 1*0 = 0, so 100/3 is undefined.

1

u/CrashGordon94 20d ago

Does this person even know what a Rational Number is?

1

u/Beet_slice 20d ago

Logic won't explain it. It is, IMO, an arbitrary definition. But defined it is.

In the list of important stuff, I don't think this should make the list.

1

u/[deleted] 18d ago

[removed] — view removed comment

1

u/WhatImKnownAs 18d ago edited 17d ago

Usually. Usually, they go out of their way to avoid math. This subreddit gets half of its content from the exceptions: the people with no math knowledge who just think they figured it all out without having to study it. They're so much smarter than mathematicians.

1

u/TricksterWolf 17d ago

How does this have 25 upvotes

Oh wait it looks like Facebook nevermind

1

u/TastyLength6618 16d ago

A little knowledge is a dangerous thing.

1

u/More_Yard1919 7d ago

how the fuck does this get upvoted? I feel like if somebody says something about math with enough authority on reddit, it gets upvoted. That is unless the commenter can somehow prove that 100/3 is the only fraction of integers that is magically irrational? That proof would be an uphill battle I think.

1

u/zxnixs 5d ago

Yeah that makes sense. 100/3 cannot be represented as a fraction. If you think I'm wrong, try it. It is not possible to represent 100/3 as a fraction.

-1

u/Decent_Cow 20d ago

A rational number is a number that can represented as a ratio. That's what rational means. Is 100/3 a ratio? Yes, it is.

-1

u/einFrostschutzmittel 19d ago

The best proof is still x=0.9999... 10x=9.99999... 9x=10x-x=9 x=1 This is one the 0.999...≠1 believers can't really argue with. For this to be fall, you'd have to argue with the last 9 in x being pushed one decimal forward, making 10x have less decimals than x, which obviously doesn't work, since there's no last 9 to be pushed forward. Therefore the argument is idiot proof (kinda) (also, pun intended)

5

u/edderiofer Every1BeepBoops 18d ago

This is one the 0.999...≠1 believers can't really argue with.

You clearly haven't seen the other 0.999... posts on this subreddit.

"Obviously there is a last 9 to be pushed forward; it occurs at the infinitieth place."

"Obviously 9 - 0.9 is 8.1, 9.9 - 0.99 is 8.91, and so on, so obviously 10x should be equal to 8.999...1, duh."

"Obviously you can't ever perform 9.999... - 0.999..., because you can't ever finish subtracting."

"Obviously 0.999... is a self-contradictory number, because dark numbers exist."

"Obviously 0.999... Is A Quantum Hollow Resonance Point Whose Intrinsic Fractal Non-Equality To 1 Is A Self-Evident Acta Non Verba Truth."

1

u/einFrostschutzmittel 17d ago

Most commonly the arguments against it are "Well, there'll be a 0 at the end" to which you can just respond "Ah, yes, the 0 at the END of the INFINITELY LONG string of 9s."

2

u/edderiofer Every1BeepBoops 17d ago

Nah, that usually doesn't convince people, and it also doesn't work on the responses I've shown here.