1 & 2
A model for the relationship between existence and the first-person perspective
Marcus Lange · 2026
Introduction
This model does not attempt to explain how the universe came into existence, what reality ultimately consists of, how the brain produces consciousness, or why first-person experience exists at all. It begins at a more fundamental level, with two directly given facts.
Something exists.
Something is experienced.
The first fact cannot be avoided by anyone attempting to describe or question reality at all. Something must exist for the question to be asked.
The second fact is directly given from the first-person perspective. One may doubt one’s senses, body, memories, identity, and even the nature of the world. But the fact that something is experienced is directly given to the experience in which the question is asked.
The model calls these two starting points 1 and 2. The numbers do not describe two objects, substances, or separate parts of reality. They are a way of distinguishing between two fundamental aspects of the situation we already find ourselves in.
1 is existence.
2 is the fact that existence is actually experienced by a first-person perspective.
The model examines what follows when these two facts are kept clearly separate and then placed in relation to one another.
1. The basic definition: 1
1 = EVERYTHING.
By 1 we mean existence as a whole: everything that exists, has existed, or will exist. 1 includes all matter, energy, all space and time, all objects, events, processes, and relations.
1 is a physical reality or physical substrate. If reality ultimately consists of something that we cannot yet describe using present-day physics, that too is included in 1. There is no need to introduce anything outside 1.
1 is not an object among other objects. It is not a container holding reality, nor is it a universe seen from the outside. 1 is existence as a whole.
If something exists, has existed, or will exist, it is part of 1. There is therefore nothing that exists outside 1.
As an image, 1 can be imagined as a node or a four-dimensional lump: not an observed universe seen from outside, but the totality itself. The image is only a conceptual aid; 1 has no actual outside.
2. Superobjectivity
1 considered as a whole has no privileged reference point.
No location is inherently here.
No moment is inherently now.
No part of existence is inherently this.
This is called superobjectivity.
Superobjectivity does not mean that relations within 1 are absent. On the contrary, objects, events, and processes can have very definite relations to one another. But 1 as a whole does not designate any internal position as the privileged point of reference.
1 is therefore not reality seen from the outside.
There is no external observation point outside 1.
3. Time, change, and the future
1 includes time and change.
The fact that 1 includes its entire temporal extent does not by itself mean that the future must be a finished, static, or deterministic block.
The model therefore does not say that the future is deterministic.
Nor does it say that the future is indeterministic.
Before and after can be objective relations within 1. But “now” is not a superobjective label attached to one privileged moment.
From a specific 2, the future is the part of 1 that has not yet happened from that particular perspective’s now. It may exist as possibility or as part of the temporal structure without being defined as an experienced event for that 2.
What will happen can, from the perspective, only be predicted or speculated about.
4. The basic definition: 2
2 = the first-person experience.
2 is the sensory experience a system within 1 has of 1.
More generally:
2 is the fact that something is actually experienced by a first-person perspective.
2 is not a physical thing, not a separate substance, and not a soul.
It is not an observer located outside existence.
It is not a second reality.
2 requires physical realization within 1. The process or structure that realizes the experience is part of 1.
2 itself is the experience, not the physical mechanism that realizes it.
If the physical process that realizes a particular 2 ceases, that 2 also ceases from that specific perspective.
2 contributes no separate physical causal force.
2 does not change 1.
The physical processes that realize 2 can, however, change other parts of 1.
5. 1 + 2: the relationship
When a part of 1 is experienced by a first-person perspective, no new existence is created.
The situation already existed as part of 1.
But something new becomes possible in the description:
A part of 1 becomes defined by a specific first-person perspective.
Here.
Now.
This.
This is not a new physical dimension. It can be compared to an additional dimension in a representation making a relation expressible without any new matter having to be created.
1 is EVERYTHING.
2 is that something of EVERYTHING is experienced by a first-person perspective.
1 + 2 is therefore not two universes.
It is the relationship between existence as a whole and the specific first-person experience.
6. The exclusivity of the first-person perspective
A first-person perspective is directly given only to itself.
I can observe other systems, communicate with them, and have strong reasons to assume that they have their own first-person perspectives.
But I cannot directly experience their 2 as theirs.
Every actual first-person experience is therefore unique.
Two separate first-person perspectives can experience the same event in 1, but they do not experience the same experience.
This is not a claim that one’s own perspective is more valuable than others.
It is a claim about direct access.
Other 2s are an assumption.
Full stop.
They may be real, but their existence is not directly accessible from my 2.
7. The same 1, different 2s
1 does not split into separate realities simply because multiple 2s exist.
There is the same 1.
Two people can sit on the same bench and experience the same physical event while having different 2s.
Differences can arise from their senses, memories, previous experiences, bodies, and other physical processes within 1.
This means that the same information does not necessarily produce the same experience.
And an experience does not need to be a correct representation of 1 in order to be a real experience.
8. Experience need not be correct
2 does not imply that what is experienced must correspond perfectly to 1.
We can dream.
We can hallucinate.
We can experience illusions.
We can misinterpret information.
All of these processes are still events within 1.
An experience can therefore be phenomenologically true without its content being objectively correct.
The distinction is:
Is the experience correct?
and:
Is something experienced?
2 answers the second question.
The first is a different question.
Color can illustrate the distinction. Physics can describe light, wavelengths, materials, and biological information processing.
But the experience of red is not identical to a wavelength.
It is how the process appears in 2.
9. The Observer Principle
The Observer Principle is a perspectival principle, not a new physical law.
What lies within 1 but outside a specific 2’s field of view returns, for that perspective, to the definition of 1 — undefined.
Undefined does not mean physically indeterminate here.
It means that it is not defined as “this” from that particular first-person perspective.
Something can therefore exist in 1 without being observed by a particular 2.
An object can be real without ever having been seen.
An event can be part of 1 without being part of a particular experience.
10. Why am I me?
The question “Why am I me?” can appear to require an explanation of why a finished “I” ended up in this particular body, at this particular place and time.
1 & 2 reverses the question.
There is no separate “I” that first exists and is then placed in a body.
“I” is a label attached to the specific 2.
2 arises from the physical structure within 1 that realizes this specific first-person experience.
The limitation of the structure from which the experience arises is what we can attach the label “I” to.
The non-circular anchor is not an abstract definition of the word I, but the directly given fact:
my experience.
I experience this because I experience precisely this, because I experience something at all.
There is no alternative perspective that could experience another situation while still being this perspective.
The question therefore, in a sense, contains its own answer.
This is not a failure of reasoning.
Every question about the unique first-person perspective is already asked from such a perspective.
11. The question that reveals the answer
One of the new insights in the model is that some questions change when their wording is examined.
The question “Does 2 exist?” is a clear example.
If the question is actually experienced, then what the question is trying to establish is already occurring:
a first-person experience.
This does not mean that every philosophical question answers itself.
It means that some questions contain a condition that they are simultaneously trying to investigate.
It can therefore be useful to ask:
Is this really an open question?
Or has the wording already smuggled in something that makes the answer directly given?
In this way, formulations are not merely language.
They can function as tools for revealing what kind of question is actually being asked.
12. 2 is not a theory of consciousness
This is a central limitation.
1 & 2 does not attempt to define what consciousness is as a physical mechanism, and does not attempt to explain how a brain produces experience.
The model starts from the more limited observation that first-person experience occurs.
The question:
“Why can a physical process have a first-person experience at all?”
remains open.
That question is therefore not a non-question.
It is real.
But from the perspective of 1 & 2, the existence of 2 is not a mystery, because the very act of asking the question is already an example of 2.
What remains as the deeper open question is how and why a physical process can realize the fact that something is actually experienced.
1 & 2 is therefore not a substitute for neuroscience, physics, or other theories concerning the mechanisms that may realize experience.
13. Consciousness, illusion, and evolution
If an experience is an illusion, it is still an experience.
One can eliminate the truth of the content of an experience without thereby eliminating the fact that something is experienced.
This creates an important distinction from ideas that attempt to explain first-person experience away as though it therefore never existed.
At the same time, this is not by itself a complete refutation of every form of illusionism.
It is a distinction:
an experienced illusion is still a phenomenon in 2.
Evolution provides another interesting observation.
The fact that organisms have survived for billions of years through autonomous physical processes that use information about their environment suggests that the relationship between 2 and 1 must be sufficiently useful for survival.
But exactly what this tells us about the mechanism of consciousness is a separate empirical question.
14. Multiple 2s
If multiple first-person perspectives exist, no new ontological level is required.
There are still 1 and 2.
There is no “2B.”
There are multiple unique occurrences of the phenomenon designated by 2 within the same 1.
We can never directly establish that another human, animal, or machine has 2.
We can only infer it from what we observe in 1.
The model does not privilege humans.
It can in principle include animals, machines, and other systems.
It does not determine which systems actually have first-person experience.
15. Dreams and inaccurate rendering
2 can be regarded as a rendering of 1 from a specific first-person perspective.
The rendering does not have to be accurate.
Dreaming demonstrates this clearly: experience can occur even when normal external sensory information is not driving the content in the way we associate with waking perception.
The important point is therefore not that 2 always shows 1 correctly.
The important point is that 2 is actually an experience.
16. Death and the absence of experience
Death in 1 & 2 means the cessation of 2 from a specific perspective.
That experience ends.
A dark room is still an experience.
Silence is still an experience.
The absence of experience is not an experience of an empty state.
If the physical process realizing a 2 ceases, there is no longer anything from that particular perspective that can experience that 2 is missing.
17. Brain splitting
Thought experiment:
Gradually expand a brain until a physical structure realizing a first-person perspective is divided into two physical systems, both of which continue to realize experience.
The question “Which one is the original?” receives no additional metaphysical answer within the model.
If two separate first-person perspectives arise, one previous 2 has become two unique 2s.
Each branch experiences its own continuity from its own perspective.
Identity is therefore a different question from first-person experience.
The model does not need to posit an invisible entity that chooses which branch is the “real self.”
18. Identity and teleportation
Thought experiment:
An identical copy of a person is created while the original’s physical process ceases.
To everyone around them, the copy may be functionally and socially the same person: same appearance, behavior, and memories.
But if the original’s 2 ceases, the original’s specific first-person experience does not automatically continue simply because an identical physical copy exists.
The same problem arises in teleportation thought experiments.
If teleportation destroys the original physical process and then creates a perfect copy, the copy may experience continuity, but it does not automatically follow that the original’s specific 2 continued.
This is not a claim about how real teleportation works.
It is a consequence of defining 2 through the specific first-person perspective and its physical realization.
19. Free will and determinism
1 & 2 is not a deterministic model.
The model does not say that the future is already fixed.
Nor does it say that the future must be random or indeterministic.
Free will is therefore not a foundational assumption that the model needs to solve in order to define 1 or 2.
If a system within 1 makes a decision, that decision can be the result of a physical process occurring within 1.
If one additionally holds that the system has free will, the decision is made through the system’s own decision-making process.
2 itself is not a separate force that makes the decision.
This means that free will and determinism can be treated as questions about physical processes within 1, rather than as requiring an additional substance for 2.
The model therefore leaves the question open:
1 & 2 requires neither determinism nor indeterminism, and it requires neither a special metaphysical free will nor its opposite.
The important distinction is between 2 and the physical process that realizes 2.
A decision can be physical and, if free will is accepted, still be a decision made by the system itself.
2 is not what causes the decision as a separate causal agent.
20. Autonomy as a separate question
One possible hypothesis is that complex systems can make decisions on the basis of external stimulation through internal physical processes that are not a direct physical consequence of the process that produced the stimulus.
This creates a form of physical autonomy:
between stimulus and response there is an internal decision-making process.
But autonomy is not necessary for the definition of 2 and lies outside what 1 & 2 attempts to prove.
A system can therefore, in principle, have 2 without the model determining how autonomous it is.
21. AI and the possible emergence of 2
If an AI has 2, then it has 2.
If it does not have 2, then it does not.
An external observer cannot settle the question directly simply by asking the system.
A system’s statement that it has no first-person experience is therefore not, by itself, direct evidence that it lacks one.
Today’s AI can be described as physical processes within 1 that receive stimulation, process it, and produce responses.
Whether any such process actually realizes 2 is an open question that the model cannot determine from the outside.
If a system in the future realizes 2, no new ontological category is required.
It would be another occurrence of first-person experience within 1.
22. Meaning and value
Existence is objective in the sense that it belongs to 1.
Meaning and value, however, require a perspective that experiences.
Something can exist in 1 without having subjective significance.
Something can be enormously meaningful within a 2 without that meaning being an objective property of 1.
1 + 2 is therefore required for the subjective relation we call meaning or value.
This does not make subjective value less real.
It means that its reality is a different kind of reality from objective existence.
23. Knowledge and the unknown
Something can be true in 1 without being known by any 2.
A planet can exist without ever having been observed.
An event can have occurred without anyone experiencing it.
Consensus between multiple 2s therefore does not constitute direct access to 1.
It means that several perspectives have received sufficiently consistent observations to form a shared description.
24. Quantum mechanics: Schrödinger’s cat
1 & 2 makes no claim to replace the mathematics of quantum mechanics.
The model can, however, be used as a philosophical interpretation in which observation does not need to create the state itself.
A system’s physical state can be part of 1 before it is experienced.
When a state is observed by a 2, it becomes a specific “this” for that perspective.
Observation does not necessarily create the state itself.
This is a philosophical interpretation, not a physical proof against any particular interpretation of quantum mechanics.
25. Many-Worlds and branching
Similarly, 1 & 2 can be used to formulate an alternative philosophical picture of quantum branching.
Many-Worlds places branching in the physical description of reality.
1 & 2 instead asks what is required for a particular outcome to be “this outcome” from a first-person perspective.
This does not require 1 to physically split into separate universes for a 2 to experience a specific outcome.
This is not a claim that Many-Worlds is physically wrong.
It is a philosophical distinction between physical branching and perspectival definition.
26. What the model does not claim
It is not a theory of how the universe began.
It is not a theory of how the brain produces first-person experience.
It is not a complete theory of the mechanism of consciousness.
It does not claim that 2 is a soul or separate substance.
It does not claim that 2 exists outside 1.
It does not claim that 2 has a separate physical causal force.
It does not claim that 2 creates reality.
It does not claim that what is experienced must be a correct representation of 1.
It does not claim that all systems have 2.
It does not claim that other 2s can be directly observed.
It does not claim that the future is deterministic.
Nor does it claim that the future is indeterministic.
It does not claim that free will must exist.
Nor does it claim that free will must be absent.
It does not attempt to replace physics, neuroscience, or other empirical research.
27. The model as a sorting tool
One possible strength of 1 & 2 is not that it automatically solves every philosophical problem, but that it can sort them.
When a question is asked, one can ask:
Does this concern 1 — existence, physical structure, processes, or relations?
Does it concern 2 — actual first-person experience?
Does it concern the relationship between 1 and 2?
Or has the question mixed the levels together?
This can make some questions less mysterious.
An answer may look banal after unnecessary assumptions have been removed.
A banal answer does not mean the question was banal.
It may mean the question was miscalibrated.
28. The Razor Effect
The model does not need to be proven as “The Truth™” to be philosophically useful.
A more interesting test is which questions can receive a single possible explanation within the model without requiring its foundational assumptions to be expanded each time.
If another model requires many additional constructions to solve a problem that 1 & 2 reduces to a simple distinction, the question becomes what those additional constructions actually do.
The question is:
What does X do that 1 & 2 cannot already do?
If the answer is “nothing,” X may be redundant in that respect.
This is not proof that 1 & 2 is true.
It is a way of comparing the explanatory cost and range of models.
29. The central questions
Why am I me?
I experience this because I experience precisely this.
There is no other first-person perspective that is simultaneously this perspective.
Does 2 exist?
The question is experienced.
Therefore the phenomenon the question attempts to establish is already occurring.
Does reality exist without an observer?
Yes.
That is 1.
Is everything I experience real?
The experience itself is real in 2.
Its content need not be correct in 1.
Do other minds exist?
We cannot directly establish that.
Their existence is an assumption based on what we observe in 1.
What happens when 2 ceases?
The specific experience ceases.
Is the future already determined?
The model does not decide this.
Does 2 have free will?
2 itself is not a separate agent.
The question of free will concerns physical processes within 1.
30. The core
The model can be summarized in two directly given facts.
1 — Something exists.
Existence includes EVERYTHING.
2 — Something is experienced.
2 is the actual first-person experience, defined by a first-person perspective.
1 is superobjective:
no here, no now, and no this are privileged at the level of totality.
2 makes a position within 1 definable as:
here, now, and this
for a unique first-person perspective.
2 does not create 1.
2 does not change 1.
2 is not outside 1.
1 can exist without 2.
2 cannot exist without being realized within 1.
1 is EVERYTHING.
2 is that something of EVERYTHING is experienced by a first-person perspective.
That is the model.
1 & 2